Jump to content

Process-oriented psychology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Process Work)

Process-oriented psychology, also called process work, is a depth psychology theory and set of techniques developed by Arnold Mindell and associated with transpersonal psychology,[1][2] somatic psychology[3][4][5] and post-Jungian psychology.[6][7] Process oriented psychology has been applied in contexts including individual therapy and working with groups and organisations.[8] It is known for extending dream analysis to body experiences[9][10] and for applying psychology to world issues including socioeconomic disparities,[11] diversity issues,[12] social conflict[13][14][15] and leadership.[16]

Origins and reception

[edit]

Process oriented psychology was originated in the 1970s by Arnold Mindell, an American Jungian analyst then living in Switzerland.[4]: 107  It began as a development of Jungian psychology with the concept of a 'dreambody' that extended dream analysis to include work with people's body symptoms and bodily experiences.[4][9][10] Jungian analyst June Singer commented that Mindell's work 'expands the scope of Jung's psychology to include not only the psyche but also the body, relationships and the total environment.'[6]: 40  Stanislav Grof has described Arnold Mindell as one of the 'pioneers of transpersonal psychology'.[2]: 102  Mindell's concepts of 'deep democracy' and 'worldwork' have been identified as part of a toolkit for transformational change which supports collective governance.[17]: 136 

In a critical exploration of the relationship between African Americans and C.G. Jung's analytical psychology, Fanny Brewster describes Mindell's dreambody work and his linking of body symptoms and psychological development.[18]: 59–61  Brewster finds that Mindell's development of Jungian ideas is aligned with traditional African concepts of healing which link mind and body:

‘I believe that Mindell’s approach to dreamwork with its emphasis on body healing mirrors the African system of healing’s inclusiveness of body and mind in the process.’[18]: 59 

Process Work is recognised within the field of body psychotherapy and somatic psychology[3]: 65 [5]: 61–70 [19] with its emphasis on movement and body feeling.[20][21][22] Mindell was one of five people honored in 2012 with a Pioneer Award from the US Association of Body Psychotherapy.[23] Following the publication of his book Dreambody in 1982, it reportedly gained a 'worldwide following in the field of holistic healing' although remaining little known in 'traditional psychological circles'.[24]

Process Work is described as an integrative and holistic approach to understanding human behaviours.[8] It is characterized as creative and improvisational: a 'fluid, flexible, playful approach, using some basic principles to improvise effective approaches to whatever comes its way, even-handedly weaving together the personal, political, the bodily, the relational and the spiritual aspects of existence.'[25] It is considered to have similarities with Eugene Gendlin's Focusing[9]: 335 [26] and is identified with a focus on the unknown aspects of experience:

'Process Work ... seeks to encounter with the unknown and the irrational side of life. ... [It] appreciates symptoms and disturbances of any sort, not as pathologies to be healed or transcended or somehow got rid of, but as expressions of the very thing we need for our further growth, happiness, or enlightenment.'[27]

From its original 'dreambody' concept, Process Work developed a theory and method of working with altered states of consciousness including near death and coma,[28] and with experiences given psychiatric diagnoses.[29][30] Mindell's book on coma and palliative care[31] inspired a UK theatre production performed in Edinburgh[32] and London.[33][34] Process Work and Arnold Mindell are also known for a theory and methods for working with conflict resolution and leadership issues, in groups and organisations.[35][36][37][38]

Process oriented psychology has been associated with alternative spirituality movements.[7] It is considered an example of a modern Western eclectic adaptation of shamanism[39] and has been taught at the Findhorn community in north-east Scotland.[40] Fred Alan Wolf cites Mindell's 'dreambody' concept[41] and the Institute of Noetic Sciences lists Mindell in their directory.[42]

Theory and practices

[edit]

Process

[edit]

The theory of process oriented psychology centres around the idea of 'process': a meaningful, connected pattern over time that can be observed and tracked through non-intentional signals (e.g. non-verbal communication, body symptoms, dreams, accidents, conflicts).[1]: 29–30  It is claimed that becoming consciously aware of the 'dreaming process' may help to deal with disturbances including mental and physical distress, relationship troubles and social issues.[43][44] The theory of a 'dreaming process' began with Arnold Mindell's concept of the 'dreambody', developed from Jungian dream analysis and the observation that dreams and body symptoms were meaningfully connected.[6]: 26–9  Mindell asserted that a therapist could work with body experiences to reveal the unconscious just as they could work with dreams.[4]: 107–108 

Process Work's contention of a link between dreams and body symptoms is a viewpoint similar to shamanism, 'mankind's oldest medicinal doctrine, where illness reflects one's spiritual condition'.[9]: 523  Mindell's theory has also been compared to another Jungian, Meredith Sabini, who similarly recognises a symbolic relationship between dream images and physical symptoms, and values their role in bringing awareness of a person's individuation process, the development of the Jungian Self.[9]: 524  Mindell is recognised for providing a method of working psychologically with body symptoms using the technique of 'amplification'; this involves intensifying the experience of a symptom or a dream and following its expression through the various 'channels' of perception until the meaning of the 'dreambody' is revealed to the client.[9]: 524–5 

The idea of a 'dreambody' was generalised to the concept of a 'dreaming process': a potentially meaningful pattern within symptoms, dreams and other irrational or disturbing aspects of our experience.[5]: 65  Totton explains that for process oriented psychology, 'dreaming' refers to any 'extra-conscious signals through which our process communicates itself'.[4]: 28  The signals of a 'dreaming process' go beyond nighttime dreams and body symptoms to include 'daydreams, imagery and flickers of awareness that come and go'.[45]: 313  For Process Work, 'dreaming' can be defined as 'the unconscious activity of the person, both when they are asleep and when they are awake'.[1]: 29  Shafton comments that Mindell, along with Walter Bonime, Fritz Perls, Strephon Williams, Jeremy Taylor and Eugene Gendlin, makes the assumption that 'dreamlike symbolic processes occur in waking' and accordingly applies dreamwork techniques to aspects of conscious experience.[9]: 335 

The 'dreaming process' is believed to have a meaningful, purposeful direction of change, reflecting the influence of Taoism and Jungian psychology.[6]: 27–8  The dreaming process can be understood as the Jungian unconscious 'seeking integration, and ... creating opportunities for the individual to grow in conscious awareness'.[1]: 29 

An important conceptual distinction for process oriented psychology is between the 'primary' (intended) and the 'secondary' (unintended) aspects of a given behaviour or experience:

people at any given moment experienc[e] a 'primary process' — aspects of our experience with which we identify — and a 'secondary process' — aspects with which we find it hard to identify and which are trying insistently to enter our awareness.[4]: 108 

For an individual, the primary or intended aspects of communication and behaviour will be shaped by conscious norms and values, while secondary processes will include disturbing, challenging or irrational experiences that are further from awareness and often overtly marginalised.[1]: 29  Process Work aims to integrate secondary processes into a person's primary, conscious awareness to reduce the disturbance and access its potential for meaning and growth.[1]: 30 

Process Work theory includes a framework of experiential 'channels' through which the dreaming process is expressed; these channels include the visual, auditory, movement (kinaesthetic), body feeling (proprioceptive), relationship and world channels.[4]: 108 [38]: 14  Like Gestalt therapy, Process Work tracks a person's experience as it shifts between different channels.[9]: 525  Process Work is particularly known for using the channels of body awareness, movement and physical contact to explore psychological issues.[20]: 9  The concept of a purposeful 'dreaming process' expressing itself through multiple 'channels' of experience is the theoretical basis for Process Work's 'far-reaching and flexible approach, which uses essentially the same capacious toolbox to work with everything from bodily symptoms to couple relationships to political conflicts'.[4]: 108 

The theory and contentions of process oriented psychology have been described as an alternative to mainstream psychology.[46]: 1–14  Process Work proposes that disturbing feelings, symptoms and behaviours be interpreted as 'an underlying urge toward health, wholeness, and diversity rather than pathology'.[46]: 8  The theory suggests understanding the meaning of symptoms and disturbances rather than only focusing on modifying or eliminating them.[46]: 8 

Worldwork and deep democracy

[edit]

The application of process oriented psychology to group issues is called 'worldwork' and a key concept is 'deep democracy'.[11]: 45–48  Worldwork includes theory and practices for working with conflict, leadership and social issues.[47][48] Brown and Harris (2014) explain:

Deep democracy was developed as a means of approaching the relationships among individual, organisational and social transformational change which support collective governance. Amy and Arnold Mindell's world work framework draws on relativity concepts from physics to heighten awareness of the relationship element in all experience. A central concept is the validity of subjective inner and observable outer experience as two sides of the same coin.[17]: 136 

Process Work applications for groups have become known through Mindell's books: The Leader as Martial Artist: An Introduction to Deep Democracy (1992)[49][50][51] and Sitting in the Fire: Large Group Transformation Using Conflict and Diversity (1995)[16][52][53] Mindell's ideas of worldwork and deep democracy have been likened to the work of Danaan Parry.[11]: 46 [54]

For process oriented psychology, the concept of 'deep democracy' refers to a 'belief in the inherent importance of all parts of ourselves and all viewpoints in the world around us'.[55] It aims to broaden the idea of democracy to include not only cognitive, rational viewpoints but also emotional experiences and intuition: 'Deep democracy awareness welcomes inner voices and makes use of diversity and existing tensions to access subjective experience, deeper vision and tangible results of the participants.'[17]: 136  Similarly, the author John Bradshaw explains:

Deep democracy, as the psychologist Arnold Mindell points out in his book, The Leader as Martial Artist, is a timeless feeling of shared compassion for all living beings. It is a sense of the value and importance of the whole, including and especially our own personal reality. Deeply democratic people value every organ in their body as well as their inner feelings, needs, desires, thoughts and dreams.[56]

This use of the term 'deep democracy' is distinct from that of Arjun Appadurai and Judith M. Green in community development[57]: 50–51  and that of Haider A. Khan in economic theory.[58]

Worldwork includes group techniques for developing awareness of social issues like racism[59] and has been used to deal with post-conflict trauma.[60] Worldwork has been described as the 'attempt to apply psychotherapy in the sphere of political conflict without privileging the therapeutic over the political',[11]: 48  because it takes on the challenge of supporting all sides of a conflict while dealing with the real politics of inequality. Totton notes that 'so far worldwork has not resolved this problem—perhaps it cannot be resolved, but only held in continual tension'.[11]: 48  Similarly, Worldwork has been described as 'group therapy in public': a group work technique aiming to bring awareness to 'the hidden emotional undercurrents surrounding social issues — like racism — that are rarely addressed publicly'.[14] Totton comments that worldwork is 'difficult: experimental, stirring, demanding every ounce of flexibility and awareness from all the participants ... but also tremendously hopeful'.[11]: 46 

An example of 'worldwork' with social tensions in large groups was reported by the San Francisco Chronicle.[13] In 1992, a racially diverse group of 200 people gathered in Oakland, CA to explore racial tensions, using Process Work techniques. This reportedly involved the expression of pain, anger and grief in a public forum with a focus on authentic, personal dialogue between individuals from opposing sides of a social issue.[13] The Chronicle comments:

Using role-playing exercises, body awareness and other techniques, Mindell tries to intensify the conflict under controlled situations — hoping that through some cathartic process, conflict will reconcile itself.[13]

The Chronicle reports that the group moved from angry heated conflict between a black and a white man, to a black man emotionally expressing his grief and pain, and finally the group 'melted into one giant, wailing, hugging mass of black and white humanity'.[13]

The Process Work approach to leadership and conflict facilitation is based on the idea of deep democracy; it tries to build awareness of the bigger picture and develop compassion for all sides in a conflict,[61][62] an approach that Mindell refers to as 'eldership'.[63] Process oriented psychology is known for a positive model of conflict, seeing it as an opportunity for growth and community; Mindell, like the authors Thomas Crum and Danaan Parry, suggests that dealing with personal conflicts better can create global change.[64] The model of conflict resolution involves identifying the sides in the conflict as roles and having the conflicting parties experiment with expressing all roles, swapping sides until greater understanding is achieved.[65] Conflict is understood as a sign that at least one viewpoint or experience within the group is not being adequately represented and Process Work aims to bring these 'ghosts' into conscious awareness and dialogue.[11]: 46 [66]: 56, 58 

Lewis Method of Deep Democracy

[edit]

Lewis Method of Deep Democracy is based on the work of Arnold Mindell. In the early 1990s two of Arnold Mindell’s students, Myrna Lewis and her late husband, Greg, began translating some of the tools. Lewis's Method of Deep Democracy is more flexible about the depth.[67]

Patricia A. Wilson's Deep Democracy

[edit]

Wilson has more focus on inner work and building the container for a culture of dialogue and connectedness. She summarizes essence of deep democracy as "the inner experience of interconnectedness".[68]

Judith M. Green's Deep Democracy

[edit]

Green describes "Deep Democracy would equip people to expect, to understand, and to value diversity and change while preserving and projecting both democratically humane cultural values and interactively sustainable environmental values in a dynamic responsive way."[69]

Research

[edit]

Process oriented psychology is one of eleven psychotherapeutic modalities examined in a Swiss longitudinal study of therapeutic effectiveness[70] completed in 2012.[71] There are published studies of the clinical application of Process Work to group therapy with people experiencing mental illness[72] and to the care of elders with dementia.[73] A Japanese case study has described the application of process oriented psychology to the treatment of a woman with symptoms including major depression and an eating disorder, concluding that the method can be effective in the resolution of psychosomatic problems.[74] Process Work has been used to extend play therapy techniques and found to enrich therapeutic work with children experiencing parental separation issues.[75] The process oriented psychology approach to clinical supervision has been documented and shown to offer experiential and phenomenological techniques to work with signals, roles and the "parallel dynamics" that occur within client-counsellor and counsellor-supervisor interactions.[76] It has been suggested that the concept of ‘metaskills’[77] can be useful for the psychotherapist seeking to serve polyamorous clients.[78] Connections have been established between process oriented psychology and dance movement therapy.[79]

The concept of ‘rank’ as defined and developed by Mindell has been taken up in a number of contexts including action learning,[80] the analysis of international nongovernmental organization advocacy campaigns,[81] and anti-racism diversity work.[82]: 134–144  An Australian case study has considered the use of process oriented psychology for tackling the problems of intercultural communication in higher education; it finds that Process Work has a multidimensional concept of social rank (expanded beyond social status to include 'psychological' and 'spiritual' aspects) which promotes understanding of interpersonal communication issues and could be used to improve international student experience in Australia.[83]

Organisations

[edit]

Process oriented psychology is represented by a professional organisation called the International Association of Practitioners of Process Oriented Psychology (IAPOP).[84] The Association recognises over 25 training centres around the world including the UK, Australia & New Zealand, Poland, Switzerland, Slovakia, Ireland, Japan, India, Greece, Israel, Palestine, Russia, Ukraine and the US.[85] The first teaching organisation was founded in Zürich in 1982 and is now known as the Institute for Process Work (Institut für Prozessarbeit IPA), an accredited Training Institute for psychotherapy in Switzerland.[86] The Research Society for Process Oriented Psychology in the UK (RSPOPUK)'s Training Programme is accredited by the United Kingdom Council of Psychotherapy, within the Humanistic and Integrative Psychotherapy Section.[87] In the US, the first training centre was established in 1989 in Portland, Oregon, now known as the Process Work Institute,[88] while the Deep Democracy Institute was founded in 2006.[89] The newest Institute for Processwork was founded 2018 in Germany (Institut für Prozessarbeit Deutschland).[90]

Criticism and early controversy

[edit]

Criticisms of process oriented psychology include that the 'dreambody' concept and techniques are too subjective and overly positive.[7]: 56–60 [9]: 522  Mindell's concept of the meaningful 'dreambody' has been criticised for coming 'perilously close' to psychologising every illness; Shafton values 'dreambody work' but cautions that body symptoms are ambiguous and may be a product of stress or denial as much as a message for growth.[9]: 524  Others have claimed that Process Work as a therapy is hard to define and has similarities with 'faith healing', raising hopes about the healing of physical illness (though it is reported that Mindell explicitly discourages this idea).[24] Like other transpersonal psychologies, process oriented psychology has been identified by critics as a method having 'a mystical or supernaturalistic application, theory, significance, or pedigree.'[91] In 1997, a Japanese scientist involved in deprogramming members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult mentioned process oriented psychology as an example of recent psychotherapeutic paradigms that draw on Asian philosophy, Gestalt, Jung and transpersonal psychology, and claimed that, while 'these programs are not substantively dangerous', the methods may be used adversely and have the potential to be a form of 'mind control'. He then clarified that process oriented psychology was not amongst those that were dangerous.[92] Mindell's (1993) book, Leader as Martial Artist,[93] has been critiqued as a use of Eastern belief systems to justify capitalist business practice.[94]

There has been controversy in the history of process oriented psychology in the US state of Oregon. In 1990, a Eugene newspaper, the Register-Guard, reported that a planning permit application for the coastal town of Yachats by the founder, Arnold Mindell, was met with initial apprehension and fears of 'another Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh' although these fears were subsequently allayed.[95] Twenty-three years later, in 2013, The Yachats Academy of Arts and Sciences invited Arnold and his wife Amy Mindell to offer a keynote lecture on their work on conflict resolution around the world.[96]

In 2001, a Portland alternative newspaper, the Willamette Week guided by the complaint of a student, reported that an Oregon school of process oriented psychology, (one of 26 worldwide schools of process oriented psychology), the Process Work Center of Portland (now known as the Process Work Institute) was being investigated by the Oregon Office of Degree Authorization (ODA) due to a complaint by a student and an anonymous letter with the primary complaint that teachers in the Masters in Process Work shared student information inappropriately, and that relationship and sexual boundaries were not clear between students.'[24] Some allegations were not verified while others were "substantially correct". ODA recommended improvements in privacy policies and dual relationship policies between students and faculty. PWI complied with changes requested during the investigation and the degree remained continuously authorized by the state of Oregon degree authorization office. The Process Work Institute does not have regional accreditation and does not participate in DOE Title IV lending. Small schools in the Pacific NW are not eligible for regional accreditation unless they have 300 or more active students. PWI is currently pursuing national accreditation which is allowed in the US for smaller schools. Other schools of Process Work internationally such as in Switzerland, Poland, the UK, and Australia have been able to become accredited either regionally, nationally, or by psychological professional accrediting boards. The ODA website shows that in 2014 the Process Work Institute is authorised as a degree offering institution and lists PWI as one of the unaccredited private colleges approved for students in Oregon.[97]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Collins, M. (2001). Who Is Occupied ? Consciousness, Self Awareness and the Process of Human Adaptation. Journal of Occupational Science, 8(1), 25–32. doi:10.1080/14427591.2001.9686482 (p.29)
  2. ^ a b Grof, S. (2010). The Consciousness Revolution. In V. V. Kozlov, V. V. Maykov, & V. F. Petrenko (Eds.), Consciousness Revolution: Transpersonal Discoveries That Are Changing the World. Materials of the 17th International Transpersonal Conference. Moscow, 23–27 July 2010. (pp. 100–103). Moscow: Presidium of the International Academy of Psychological Sciences. Retrieved from "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2014-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (p.102)
  3. ^ a b Young, C. (2011). The history and development of Body Psychotherapy: European collaboration. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 6(1), 57–68. doi:10.1080/17432979.2010.545189 (p.65)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Totton, N. (2003). Body Psychotherapy: An Introduction. Berkshire, England: Open University Press, McGraw-Hill House. ISBN 0-335-21039-2 (p.107-108)
  5. ^ a b c Caldwell, C. (1997) 'Dreams and the dreaming body. Amy and Arny Mindell' in C. Caldwell (Ed.) Getting in touch: The guide to new body-centered therapies. Wheaton, IL: Quest. ISBN 0-8356-0761-5 (p.61)
  6. ^ a b c d Singer, J. (1995). Arny and Amy Mindell on Process Oriented Psychology (Interview). The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal, 13(4), 25–40. (p. 40)
  7. ^ a b c Toub, M. (2010). Growing Up Jung: Coming of Age as the Son of Two Shrinks. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393067552 See Ch 1 The Marginalized & Ch 2 Dreambody (pp. 15-68)
  8. ^ a b McLagan, Pat (2002). Change is everybody's business. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-1576751909.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shafton, A. (1995). Dream reader: contemporary approaches to the understanding of dreams. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2618-1 (p. 522-525)
  10. ^ a b Zwig, A. (1990). A body-oriented approach to dreamwork. In S. Krippner (Ed.), Dreamtime and dreamwork: Decoding the language of the night (pp. 78–86). Los Angeles, CA England: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc. ISBN 0-87477-594-9
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Totton, N. (2000). Psychotherapy and Politics. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-5850-9 (p.45-48)
  12. ^ Collins, M. (2008). Politics and the Numinous: Evolution, Spiritual Emergency, and the Re-emergence of Transpersonal Consciousness. Psychotherapy & Politics International, 6(3), 198–211. doi:10.1002/ppi (p. 207)
  13. ^ a b c d e Lattin, D. (1992, May 1). Mediators target hot spots. San Francisco Chronicle.
  14. ^ a b Peay, P. (1997, July 5). Public therapy aims to heal rifts of racism. St Petersburg Times, FL.
  15. ^ Toub, M. (2010). Anger at the G20 in Toronto (July 13). Psychology Today. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-jung/201007/anger-the-g20-in-toronto
  16. ^ a b Murphy, Kate (November 11, 2012). "Thorsten Bauer". New York Times. p. News: 2(L).
  17. ^ a b c Brown, Valerie A.; Harris, John A. (2014). The human capacity for transformational change: harnessing the collective mind. Routledge. ISBN 9781138800632.
  18. ^ a b Brewster, Fanny (2017). African Americans and Jungian Psychology: Leaving the Shadows. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138952768.
  19. ^ Totton, N. (Ed.). (2005). New Dimensions in Body Psychotherapy. London: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0335215928 (p.4, Ch. 11 pp.153-167)
  20. ^ a b Payne, H. (2006). Tracking the web of interconnectivity (Editorial). Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy: An International Journal for Theory, Research and Practice, 1(1), 7–15.(p. 9-10)
  21. ^ Steckler, L. H. (2006). Somatic soulmates. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 1(1), 29–42. doi:10.1080/17432970500410960 (p.37)
  22. ^ Chodorow, J. (1991). Dance Therapy and Depth Psychology: The Moving Imagination. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge. (p.112)
  23. ^ "USABP Pioneer Award 2012". United States Association for Body Psychotherapy. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  24. ^ a b c Shafer, David (29 August 2001). "Dream Academy: and you thought your degree was useless". Willamette Week. pp. 18–21. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  25. ^ Totton, 2003 (p.107)
  26. ^ Wilkerson, R. "Arnold Mindell and the Dreambody". Dreamtree, 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  27. ^ Hartley, Linda (2004). Somatic Psychology. London: Whurr Publishers Ltc. p. 213. ISBN 1-86156-430-9.
  28. ^ Manetta, L. M. (1999). Book Review: Coma, A Healing Journey: A Guide for Family, Friends and Helpers. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 16(4), 621–621. doi:10.1177/104990919901600413
  29. ^ Ramon, S. (1989). Book Reviews: City Shadows: Psychological Interventions in Psychiatry by Arnold Mindell. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 35(2), 210–210. doi:10.1177/002076408903500212
  30. ^ Williams, P. (2012). Rethinking madness: towards a paradigm shift in our understanding and treatment of psychosis. San Francisco: Sky’s Edge Publishing. ISBN 978-0984986705 (p.105-108)
  31. ^ Mindell, A. (1995). Coma: The Dreambody Near Death. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140194838
  32. ^ Burnet, A. (1999, April 17). Preview Landscape of the mind. The Scotsman, p. News: p17. Edinburgh, Scotland.
  33. ^ Gardner, L. (1999, May 4). Arts: Beautiful dreamers: It's hard to imagine a less promising subject for a play than a coma. But if anyone can make it work, it's Improbable Theatre. The Guardian, p. News: p13. London
  34. ^ Taylor, P. (1999, May 24). Theatre: In Death's other kingdom. The Independent. London.
  35. ^ Saunders, C. "Deep Democracy: The Cutting Edge of Conflict Resolution with Arny and Amy Mindell". Originally published in The New Times August 1994. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  36. ^ Zimmermann, Z. (2011, April 25). A simple conflict resolution model. Denver Examiner (CO), Section: Denver Psychology Examiner.
  37. ^ Kate Sutherland. (2012). Process oriented psychology (Ch. 8) In Make Light Work in Groups: 10 Tools to Transform Meetings, Companies and Communities. Incite Press. ISBN 978-0986612749
  38. ^ a b Bressen, T. (2004). Working on Your Issues with someone (whether or not they join in). Communities Magazine, (Number 124 (Fall)).
  39. ^ Znamenski, A. A. (2007). The beauty of the primitive: Shamanism and the western imagination. New York: Oxford University Press. (p.253)
  40. ^ Sutcliffe, S. (2000). A Colony of Seekers: Findhorn in the 1990s. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 15(2), 215–231. doi:10.1080/13537900050005985 (p.217)
  41. ^ Wolf, F. A. (1994). The body in the mind. Psychological Perspectives: A Quarterly Journal of Jungian Thought, 30(1) (p. 32-33)
  42. ^ "IONS Directory Profile: Arnold Mindell". Institute of Noetic Sciences. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  43. ^ Thompson, Sylvia (December 6, 2006). "Looking back at how to move on". Irish Times.
  44. ^ Mindell, Arnold (1985). River's Way: The process science of the dreambody. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7102-0631-2.
  45. ^ Elbaz-Luwisch, Freema (2010). "Writing and professional learning: the uses of autobiography in graduate studies in education". Teachers and Teaching. 16 (3): 307–327. doi:10.1080/13540601003634404. S2CID 143398221.
  46. ^ a b c Bedrick, David (2013). Talking Back to Dr. Phil: Alternatives to Mainstream Psychology. Santa Fe, NM: Belly Song Press. ISBN 978-0985266707.
  47. ^ Van Nuys, David (2008). "From Dreambody to Worldwork with Arnold Mindell". Shrink Rap Radio (Podcast). #170 (August 29).
  48. ^ Mindell, Amy (2008). "Bringing deep democracy to life: an awareness paradigm for deepening political dialogue, personal relationships, and community interactions". Psychotherapy and Politics International. 6 (3): 212–225. doi:10.1002/ppi.173.
  49. ^ Britt, S. (2011, November 3). Turning conflict into compassion. Gloucester Daily Times (MA).
  50. ^ Handshin, Mia (October 16, 2001). "Together we can change the world". The Advertiser. Adelaide. p. Features, p.18.
  51. ^ Tucker, Jean Gilbert (1992). "Book review: The Leader as Martial Artist: An Introduction to Deep Democracy". Whole Earth Review (77 Winter): 21.
  52. ^ Rosenblum, Karen E.; Toni-Michelle C. Travis (2012). The meaning of difference: American constructions of race, sex and gender, social class, sexual orientation and disability (Sixth ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-07-811164-8.
  53. ^ Haw, P. (2008, July 28). Appreciate and honour greybeards' wisdom. Business Day (Johannesburg).
  54. ^ Britt, S. (2012, July 2). My View: Conflict resolution starts at home. Gloucester Daily Times (MA), p. Opinion.
  55. ^ Totton, Nick (2007). "Democracy and therapy". Therapy Today (18.1). British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  56. ^ Bradshaw, John Elliot (1996). Bradshaw on the family: a new way of creating solid self-esteem (Revised). Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications. pp. xvi–xvii. ISBN 978-1-55874-427-1.
  57. ^ Wilson, Patricia A.; Lowery, Christina (2003). "Building Deep Democracy: The story of a grassroots learning organization in South Africa". Planning Forum (9): 47–64.
  58. ^ Khan, Haider (2009). "A theory of deep democracy and economic justice in the age of postmodernism". Contemporary Readings in Law & Social Justice. 1 (1): 47–72. ISSN 1948-9137.
  59. ^ Burkett, Eric (October 9, 2001). "Group aims to make city more aware of persistent racism - WORKSHOP: Guest speaker will explain how to manage differences". Anchorage Daily News (AK). p. D1.
  60. ^ Audergon, Arlene (2006). "Hot Spots: Post-conflict trauma and transformation" (PDF). Critical Half: Biannual Journal of Women for Women International. 4 (1): 41–44. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  61. ^ Siver, Stanford. (2010). Deep democracy: multidimensional process-oriented leadership. Chapter 16 In S. Schuman (Ed.), The handbook for working with difficult groups: how they are difficult, why they are difficult and what you can do about it (pp. 275–292). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9780470190388
  62. ^ Handshin, Mia. (2001, October 16). Together we can change the world. The Advertiser (Adelaide), p. Features, p18. Adelaide.
  63. ^ Haw, Penny. (2008, July 28). Appreciate and honour greybeards' wisdom. Business Day (Johannesburg)
  64. ^ Britt, Susan. (2011, November 3). Turning conflict into compassion. Gloucester Daily Times (MA).
  65. ^ Zimmermann, Zoe. (2011, April 25). A simple conflict resolution model. Denver Examiner (CO), Section: Denver Psychology Examiner.
  66. ^ Weitzel, Tim; Had, Gary. A. (2000). "Make friends with the wild things: you can find sustainable solutions and organizational renewal in the least likely places". Training & Development (November): 56–61.
  67. ^ Deep Democracy - The Lewis Method
  68. ^ Deep Democracy The Inner Practice of Civic Engagement
  69. ^ Nel Noddings (2004). No Education Without Relation. Peter Lang. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8204-6830-3.
  70. ^ Tschuschke, V., Crameri, A., Koemeda, M., Schultess, P., Wyl, A. Von, & Weber, R. (2010). Fundamental Reflections on Psychotherapy Research and Initial Results of the Naturalistic Psychotherapy Study on Outpatient Treatment in Switzerland (PAP-S). International Journal for Psychotherapy, 14(3), 23–35. (p.31)
  71. ^ von Wyl, Agnes; Crameri, A.; Koemeda, M.; Tschuschke, V.; Schulthess, P. (2013). "Praxisstudie ambulante Psychotherapie Schweiz (PAP-S): Studiendesign und Machbarkeit (Effectiveness of Outpatient Psychotherapy in Switzerland (PAP-S study): Study design and feasibility)". Psychotherapie-Wissenschaft. 3 (1): 6–22. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  72. ^ Collins, M., & Wells, H. (2006). The politics of consciousness : illness or individuation? Psychotherapy and Politics International, 4(2), 131–141. doi:10.1002/ppi
  73. ^ Spalding, M., & Khalsa, P. (2010). Aging Matters: Humanistic and Transpersonal Approaches to Psychotherapy With Elders With Dementia. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 50(2), 142–174. doi:10.1177/0022167809341995
  74. ^ Fukao, A., Fujimi, Y., Okayama, S., Ushiroyama, T., Nakai, Y., & Hanaf'usa, T. (2007). The Case of Female Patient with Major Depression and Eating Disorder Treated Successfully by Process Oriented Psychology. In T. Tamada & H. Honjo (Eds.), Proceedings of the XV International Congress of the International Society of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. Kyoto, Japan: Medimond. http://www.medimond.com/proceedings/moreinfo/20070513.htm ISBN 978-88-7587-340-0
  75. ^ Camastral, Silvia (2008). "No Small Change: Process-Oriented Play Therapy For Children of Separating Parents". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy. 29 (2): 100–106. doi:10.1375/anft.29.2.100.
  76. ^ Richardson, A., & Hands, P. (2002). Supervision using Process-oriented Psychology Skills. In M. L. McMahon & W. A. Patton (Eds.), Supervision in the helping professions: a practical guide. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia. ISBN 1740096193
  77. ^ Mindell, Amy (2001). Metaskills: The Spiritual Art of Therapy (Second ed.). Oregon: Lao Tse Press. ISBN 978-1887078634.
  78. ^ Rami, Henrich; Trawinski, Cindy (16 May 2016). "Social and therapeutic challenges facing polyamorous clients". Sexual and Relationship Therapy: 376–390. doi:10.1080/14681994.2016.1174331. S2CID 148074622.
  79. ^ Vasičáková Očenášová, Zuzana (22 Sep 2016). "Where one cannot speak, there one can dance: a comparative analysis of dance movement therapy and Processwork". Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy. 11 (4): 277–289. doi:10.1080/17432979.2016.1229694. S2CID 218601846.
  80. ^ Donovan, Paul Jeffrey (21 May 2014). "Leaders behaving badly: using power to generate undiscussables in action learning sets". Action Learning: Research and Practice. 11 (2): 179–197. doi:10.1080/14767333.2014.908766. S2CID 146793329.
  81. ^ Fernández-Aballí, Ana (2016). "Advocacy for Whom? Influence for What? Abuse of Discursive Power in International NGO Online Campaigns: The Case of Amnesty International". American Behavioral Scientist. 60 (3): 360–377. doi:10.1177/0002764215613407. S2CID 147330163.
  82. ^ Choudhury, Shakil (2015). Deep Diversity: Overcoming Us vs Them. Toronto: Between the Lines. ISBN 978-1-77113-025-7.
  83. ^ Collett, Diana (2007). "Coming together: power, rank and intercultural interaction. Developing inclusive approaches in higher education". The International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations. 7 (5): 17–25. doi:10.18848/1447-9532/CGP/v07i05/39455.
  84. ^ "International Association of Practitioners of Process Oriented Psychology Home Page". Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  85. ^ "IAPOP Training Centers". Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  86. ^ "Institute". Institut für Prozessarbeit (Institute for Process Work, Zurich). Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  87. ^ "Research Society for Process Oriented Psychology in the UK Home Page". Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  88. ^ "Process Work Institute: Who We Are". Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  89. ^ "About the Deep Democracy Institute". Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  90. ^ "Institut für Prozessarbeit Deutschland". Institut für Prozessarbeit Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 2018-12-16.
  91. ^ Raso, Jack (1998). The Expanded Dictionary of Metaphysical Healthcare, Alternative Medicine, Paranormal Healing, and Related. Methods.
  92. ^ TOMABECHI, Hideto. "An interview: A brain-functionalist who deprogrammed AUM's top leaders A Devastating Scenario: A Mind Control Society". Takarajima, No. 304, March 1997. Pp. 224-271. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  93. ^ Mindell, Arnold (1993). The leader as martial artist: Techniques and strategies for resolving conflict and creating community. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062506405.
  94. ^ Frank, T. (1997). Why Johnny can't dissent. In T. Frank & M. Weiland (Eds.), Commodify your dissent: Salvos from the Baffler (pp. 31–45). New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. (p. 39)
  95. ^ Bacon, Larry (3 March 1990). "Yachats leery about Jungian psychologist's plans". The Register-Guard, Eugene, OR. pp. 1, 4A. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  96. ^ "Conflict Resolution and Open Forum Experience around the World". News Lincoln County. August 6, 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  97. ^ Office of Degree Authorisation. "Private and out-of-state colleges approved for Oregon students". Oregon Student Access Commission. Retrieved 17 November 2013.

Further reading

[edit]

Arnold Mindell

[edit]
  • Mindell, A. (2010) Processmind: A User's Guide to Connecting with the Mind of God. Quest Books. ISBN 978-0835608862
  • Mindell, A. (1995). Sitting in the fire: Large Group Transformation Using Conflict and Diversity. Portland, OR: Lao Tse Press. ISBN 978-1887078009
  • Mindell, A. (1993) Shaman's Body: A New Shamanism for Transforming Health, Relationships, and the Community. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0062506559
  • Mindell, A. (1992) The Leader as Martial Artist: An Introduction to Deep Democracy (1st ed.). San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0062506405

Other authors

[edit]
  • Audergon, A. (2005). The War Hotel: Psychological Dynamics in Violent Conflict. London and Philadelphia: Whurr Publishers. ISBN 978-1861-56451-1
  • Bedrick, D. (2013). Talking Back to Dr. Phil: Alternatives to Mainstream Psychology. Santa Fe, NM: Belly Song Press. ISBN 978-0985266707
  • Diamond, J., & Jones, L. S. (2004). A path made by walking: Process Work in practice. Portland, OR: Lao Tse Press. ISBN 978-1887078726
  • Goodbread, J. (1987). The Dreambody Toolkit: A Practical Introduction to the Philosophy, Goals, and Practice of Process-Oriented Psychology. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. ISBN 978-0140190908
  • Goodbread, J. (2009). Living on the edge: The mythical, spiritual and philosophical roots of social marginality. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60741-162-8
  • Menken, D. (2013). Raising parents, raising kids: hands-on wisdom for the next generation. Santa Fe, NM: Belly Song Press. ISBN 978-0-9852667-4-5
  • Mindell, Amy. (2001). Metaskills: The Spiritual Art of Therapy. Portland, OR: Lao Tse Press. ISBN 978-1887078634
  • Morin, P., & Reiss, G. (2010). Inside coma: a new view of awareness, healing, and hope. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 9780313383892
  • Reiss, G. (2006). Breaking the cycle of revenge in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In J. Kuriansky (Ed.), Terror in the Holy Land: Inside the anguish of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. (pp. 107–116). Westport, CT US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-99041-9
[edit]