Jump to content

1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the original building. For the current building, see One World Trade Center.
For other uses of "North Tower", see North Tower (disambiguation).

1 World Trade Center
The World Trade Center's North Tower (WTC1), pictured in summer 2001
Alternative names
  • 1 WTC
  • North Tower
  • WTC 1
  • Building A
  • Building 1
  • Tower 1
General information
StatusDestroyed
LocationWest Street, New York, New York, United States
Construction startedAugust 6, 1968
Topped-outDecember 23, 1970
Completed1972
OpenedDecember 15, 1970
InauguratedApril 4, 1973
DestroyedSeptember 11, 2001, 10:28 AM Eastern Time Zone[1]
OwnerPort Authority of New York and New Jersey
ManagementSilverstein Properties
Height
Antenna spire1,728 ft (527 m)
Roof1,368 ft (417 m)
Technical details
Floor count110
Floor area4,759,040 sq ft (442,129 m2)
Lifts/elevators99
Design and construction
Architect(s)
Structural engineerLeslie E. Robertson (Worthington, Skilling, Helle, and Jackson)
References
[2][3]

The original One World Trade Center (also known as the North Tower, Tower 1, Building One, or 1 WTC) was one of the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center complex in New York City. It was completed in 1972, stood at a height of 1,368 feet (417 m), and was the tallest building in the world until 1973, when surpassed by the Sears Tower (now Willis Tower) in Chicago.

It was distinguishable from its twin, the original 2 World Trade Center, also known as the South Tower, by the 360-foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna on its roof. Including the antenna, the building stood at a total height of 1,728 feet (527 m). Other things that made the North Tower distinguishable from its twin was a canopy connected to the North Tower's west facade on street level as well as two pedestrian walkways that extended from the west and south promenades of Three and Six World Trade Center to the North Tower's north and south facades on plaza level, all of which the South Tower lacked. The building's address was 1 World Trade Center, and the WTC complex had its own ZIP code (10048) due to its large size.

The original World Trade Center was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Struck by American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:46 a.m., the North Tower was the first of the Twin Towers to be hit by a hijacked aircraft, and the second to collapse, at 10:28 a.m. The North Tower stood for 102 minutes after the aircraft impact. Of the 2,977 victims killed in the attacks, around 1,700 were in the North Tower or on the ground.

The North Tower was succeeded by the present-day One World Trade Center tower, which was opened in November 2014 as the lead building of the redeveloped World Trade Center site.[4][5] At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, the northern pool marks the spot where the North Tower stood.

History

[edit]

Development

[edit]

In 1961, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to build the World Trade Center on the site of the Hudson Terminal in Lower Manhattan, New York City.[6] On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects.[7] Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[8] but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m2) of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.[9] Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side.[8][10]

In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.[11] Demolition work began on March 21, 1966,[12] and groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.[13] In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers.[14] Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968.[15] The topping out ceremony for 1 WTC (the North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970.[15] The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15, 1970, while it was still under construction,[16][17] and a ribbon cutting ceremony took place on April 4, 1973.[18]

Operation

[edit]

On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor, spreading to the 9th and 14th floors. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems.[19] A disgruntled custodian was discovered to have deliberately started the fire and was criminally charged.[20][21] Following the fire, in 1981, the Port Authority announced a $45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center.[22]

The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives (planted by Ramzi Yousef) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage.[23] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers.[24] Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in the attacks.[25][26] Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore structural support.[27]

In February 2001, the Port Authority leased the entire World Trade Center complex to Vornado Realty Trust.[28] However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal,[29] and the next-highest bidder, Silverstein Properties, signed a lease for the complex on July 24, 2001.[30]

Destruction

[edit]
Main article: September 11 attacks
See also: Casualties of the September 11 attacks
The remains (from bottom to top) of One, Six, and Seven World Trade Center on September 17, 2001

At 8:46 a.m. (EDT) on September 11, 2001, five hijackers affiliated with al-Qaeda crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors.[31][32] Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m. (EDT), a second group of five terrorists crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors.[33]

By 9:59 a.m. (EDT), the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. After burning for 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28 a.m. (EDT).[34] When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center, damaging it and starting fires. The fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity. Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21 p.m. (EDT).[35][36]

Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a passenger revolt that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 hijackers).[37][38][39] More than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact.[40] In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed when the building eventually collapsed. One stairwell in the South Tower, Stairwell A, somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike the rest of the building.[41] When Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the North Tower above the impact zone were destroyed, making it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact also died.[40]

Architecture

[edit]

Minoru Yamasaki was the lead architect for the tower, and Emery Roth & Sons were the associate architects.[7] During the World Trade Center's construction, the structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's 1968 building codes, which incorporated "advanced techniques" in building design.[42] The Twin Towers used a tube-frame design, which required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs.[43] The structures were inspired by the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.[44] Yamasaki was also inspired by Islamic architecture, elements of which he incorporated in the buildings' design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group.[45][46]

When completed, the North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall.[47] It featured a 362 foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 (upgraded in 1999 to accommodate DTV broadcasts). With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m).[48] Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000 m2) of the total 16 acres (65,000 m2) of the site's land.[49]

Facade

[edit]

The Twin Towers' facades were made of high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses.[50][51] Although the columns themselves were lightweight, they were spaced closely together, forming a strong, rigid wall structure.[52][53] There were 59 perimeter columns, narrowly spaced, on each side of the building.[54][51] In all, the perimeter walls measured 210 feet (64 m) long on each side, and the corners were beveled..[55][53] The perimeter structure was constructed of prefabricated modular pieces connected by spandrel plates.[53] From the 7th floor to the ground level, and down to the foundation, the columns were spaced 10 feet (3.0 m) apart to accommodate doorways.[56][51] All columns were placed on bedrock 65–85 feet (20–26 m) below the surface.[57]

Structural features

[edit]
Further information: Construction of the World Trade Center § Design of the towers

The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m), and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.[58] The North Tower's structural core was oriented with the long axis east to west.[59] The core columns supported about half the towers' weight.[59] All elevators were located in the core. Each building had three stairwells, also in the core, except on the mechanical floors.[54] The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses, which connected to the perimeter columns.[60]

Hat trusses (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the North and South towers were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building.[60] Only the North Tower actually had an antenna fitted, which was added in 1978.[61] The framed-tube design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind.[62] In designing the World Trade Center, Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner crashing into the building.[63] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) found a three-page white paper that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis, involving impact of a jet at 600 mph (970 km/h), was indeed considered, but NIST could not locate the documentary evidence of the aircraft impact analysis.[64]

Sprayed-fire resistant materials (SFRMs), gypsum wallboard, and vermiculite were used to provide fireproofing to the interiors.[54] More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975,[65] but after the 1993 bombing, inspections found fireproofing to be deficient.[66] The 1968 New York City building codes did not require sprinklers for high-rise buildings, except for underground spaces,[67] but the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001.[68]

Tenants at the time of the attacks

[edit]

The tenant list below was compiled from the original list provided by CoStar Group (a provider of electronic commercial real estate information), quoted by CNN,[69] and was sourced from UnBlinking.com.[70] Cantor Fitzgerald's corporate headquarters were located in 1 World Trade Center.[71]

Note: Floor numbers in  red  were part of American Airlines Flight 11's impact area on September 11, 2001, with floors trapped by its impact numbered in  dark gray .

Fl# Companies
110 Channel 2 (WCBS), Channel 4 (WNBC), Channel 5 (WNYW), Channel 7 (WABC), Channel 9 (WWOR), Channel 11 (WPIX), Channel 13 (WNET), Channel 31 (WPXN), Channel 47 (WNJU), WKCR-FM, WPAT-FM, WNYC-FM, WKTU-FM, CNBC, Genuity, CNN
109 Mechanical floor
108 Mechanical floor
107 Windows on the World, Greatest Bar on Earth, Wild Blue
106 Windows on the World, Windows on the World Wine School, Windows on the World Conference and Banquet rooms
105 Cantor Fitzgerald, eSpeed, Genuity
104 Cantor Fitzgerald, eSpeed, Channel 4 (WNBC), UmeVoice
103 Cantor Fitzgerald, eSpeed
102 Cantor Fitzgerald, Alliance Consulting Group, The Nishi-Nippon Bank Limited, PaineWebber, Kidder Peabody & Co.
101 Cantor Fitzgerald, eSpeed, Boomer Esiason Foundation, Chances for Children (charity), Kidder Peabody & Co.
100 Marsh & McLennan Companies
99 Marsh & McLennan Companies
98 Marsh & McLennan Companies
97 Marsh & McLennan Companies
96 Marsh & McLennan Companies, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
95 Marsh & McLennan Companies
94 Marsh & McLennan Companies, Marsh Private Client Services, Guy Carpenter
93 Marsh & McLennan Companies, Fred Alger Management, Castle Convertible Fund Inc.
92 Carr Futures, Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, LMCC Art Program, LMCC Open Studios
91 American Bureau of Shipping, Cedel Bank International, Meyers Pollok Robbins, New Japan Securities International, Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, LMCC Art Program, LMCC Open Studios, Shiga Bank
90 American TCC International Group, Chugoku Bank, Dun & Bradstreet, Clearstream International, Pass Consulting Corporation
89 Barcley Dwyer, Bayview Services LLC, CIIC Group (US), Cosmos Services America, Daehan International, Drinker Biddle & Reath, MetLife, Mutual International Forwarding, Strategic Communications Group, Wai Gao Qiao USA, Wall Street Planning Association, Banco LatinoAmericano de Exportaciones Sud America, Italian Wine & Food Institute, Jun He Law Offices, Majestic Star Yacht Chartering, Tokyo Securities Company
88 Julien J. Studley, Viking Sea Freight, WTC Construction Manager
87 May Davis Group, Bank of Kinki, Okasan Securities, Thor Technologies
86 Julien J. Studley, Asiatic Chemical, Society of Satellite Professionals International
85 SMW Trading Corporation, Thermo Electron, Chicago Investment Group, Hyakugo Bank, Ohrenstein & Brown
84 Bright China Capital, David Peterson Law Offices, LG Securities America (Later merged separately to NH Investment & Securities and KB securities), San-In Godo International Bank, Unicom Capital Advisors, Blue Star Line North America, Daehan International
83 Axcelera, General Telecommunications, eMeritus Communications, Lava Trading LLC, Network Plus, Global Crossings Holdings, Ameson Education and Culture Exchange Foundation, Taipei Bank, Toho Bank, Wako Securities America
82 New York Metropolitan Transportation Council, DMJM Harris
81 Bank of America, Blue Star Line North America, Network Plus, New Continental Enterprises
80 Agricor Commodities Corporation, Intrust Investment Realty, Noga Commodities Overseas, Noga Hotels New York, Shizuoka Bank, RLI Insurance Company, Bank of Yokohama, Zenshinren Bank, TheBeast.com[69]
79 Daynard & Van Thunen Company, First Liberty Investment Group, Nikko Securities, Okato Shoji Company International, Securant Technologies, Iyo Bank, Symphoni Interactive LLC
78 Skylobby, Avenir, Baltic Oil Corporation, Cedar Capital Management Associates, Cheng Cheng Enterprises Holdings, Geiger & Geiger, Hyundai Motor Company(then with Hyundai Securities), International Trade Centre, Korea Local Authorities Foundation for International Relations, Meridian Ventures Holdings, Pacrim Trading & Shipping, Phink Path, Traders Access Center, Atinav Avenue, Korea Local Government Center, Partner Reinsurance Company, Thai Farmers Bank, Verona Fair Organization US Representative
77 Hal Roth Agency, Jun He Law Offices, Martin Progressive LLC, New-ey International Corporation, World Trade Centers Association, Alliance Continuing Care Network, Kuhne & Nagel, Partner Reinsurance Company
76 Mechanical floor
75 Mechanical floor
74 Morgan Stanley
73 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Morgan Stanley
72 Morgan Stanley
71 Morgan Stanley
70 Morgan Stanley
69 Morgan Stanley
68 Morgan Stanley
67 World Trade Institute, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
66 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
65 Boeing Aviation Technical Services, Morgan Stanley
64 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Morgan Stanley
63 Morgan Stanley, Airport Access Program
62 Morgan Stanley
61 Morgan Stanley
60 Asahi Bank, Morgan Stanley
59 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood, Morgan Stanley
58 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood
57 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood
56 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood
55 Pace University, World Trade Institute of Pace University, Benchmark Hospitality at Pace University (now Downtown Conference Center at Pace University)
54 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood
53 AIG Aviation Brokerage, Bank of Taiwan, Bramax Manufacturing Corporation, China Resource Products USA, Keenan, Powers, & Andrews, LoCurto & Funk Inc., National Nydegger Transport Corporation, Pacrim Trading & Shipping, Pure Energy Corporation, Broadview Networks, French Embassy Financial Services, JACOM Corporation, TripleHop Technologies
52 Gayer, Shyu & Wiesel, Hill, Betts & Nash, Howly (US) Corporation, Leeds & Morrelli, Okasan Securities, RGL Gallagher PC, Williams Capital Group, Bramax Manufacturing Corporation, Temenos USA Wholesalers, Unifacemanu International
51 AT&T Corporation, C&P Press, Chilean Government Trade Bureau, Chilean National Petroleum Company, Chilean Production Promotion Center, Chilean Trading Corporation, Tradeweb
50 Ready Biz Group, Medical Access, 212 Management Corp
49 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York, Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Overseas Union Bank, Pacific American Corporation
48 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York, Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank
47 ADERLY-USA, Adjusters International, American TCC International Group, Inc., ClearForest Corporation, First Union Securities, G.Z. Stephens, Inc., Pacific American Corporation, Quint Amasis LLC, Rollins Accounting, Tejas Securities Group, Inc., W.J. Export Import, Inc.
46 Alegra International, American Sino Trade Development Council, ASTDC, Auspic International Technology & Trade Group Co., Inc., Auto Imperial, Bank of Yokohama, Beyondbond, Inc., Bluesky Technologies Inc., Ceylon Shipping Corporation, Charles P. Chan, CPA, China U.S. Net Group, Inc., Consolidated Steelex Corporation, Dahao U.S.A. Corporation, China Inter-Ocean Transportation, Hitachi Software Engineering America Limited, Interglobe Communications, J&X Tan's Trading Co., Johnson & Johnson, Kading Companies S.A., KISCO Corporation (USA), Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, R.S. Property, Shandong Resources Inc., Shipping Services Italia, Sinopec USA, Inc., Smartcomm Group, Inc., Sri Larkan Travel, Inc., Strategic Alliance International Group, Suggested Open Systems, Suntendy America, Inc., T&T Enterprises International, Inc., Teleport Investment Management LLC, Thomas D. Mangione Limited, Tradeway, Inc., ViewTrade Group, World Imperial Realty Corporation, World News & Media Group, Inc., Yong Ren America Inc.
45 American Lota International, Bramax Manufacturing Corporation, China Construction America, Dunavant Commodity Corporation, Fertitta Enterprises, F.E. Wallace & Co., HS Futures LP, Hyundai Motor Company, Pure Energy Corporation, Security Traders Association, Software Research Associates America, Streamline Capital, BAO Hercules, Ching Fong Investment Company New York, Johnson Enterprises, SRA America, S. Stern Custom Brokers
44 Skylobby, Skydive restaurant, MetLife, Morgan Stanley, New York Society of Security Analysts, Market Technicians Association, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
43 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
42 Mechanical floor
41 Mechanical floor
40 Lehman Brothers, Commerzbank Capital Markets AG
39 Lehman Brothers, Cultural Institutions Retirement Systems, First Liberty Investment Group, Overseas Union Bank, Xcel Federal Credit Union, Tai Fook Securities, Circle International, Sun Hung Kai Securities
38 Lehman Brothers, Regional Alliance for Small Contractors, Turner Construction Company, GSW & Associates, GW Finance Corporation
37 Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Government of Thailand, S. Stern Custom Brokers, Thai Board of Investment, Thai Office of the Economic Counselor, Thai Trade Center, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
36 Kemper Corporation
35 Kemper Corporation, Anne Pope Law Offices
34 Royal Thai Embassy Office, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Tourism Authority of Thailand
33 Berel & Mullen, China Daily Distribution Corporation, Data Transmission Network Corporation, Hu Tong International Company, Koudis International, MANAA Trading Group, MIS Service Company, Rachel & Associates, Serko & Simon, Golden King USA, American Bright Signs, China United Trading Corporation, Excel Shipping, Korean Associates Securities, Rohde & Liesenfeld, Lunham & Reeve, Inc.,
32 Chang Hwa Bank, Rohde & Liesenfeld, Koudis International
31 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue
30 Empire Health Choise, EmpireBlue
29 China Patent and Trademark Agent USA, World Travel, Seth Shipping Corporation, Taipei Bank, ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company
28 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue
27 Bangkok Metropolitan Bank, Anthem, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, Sinopec USA, Inc.
26 Garban Intercapital
25 Garban Intercapital, R.H. Wrightson & Associates, Cote d'Ivore Embassy Commercial Counselor, EXCO USA International, Harold I. Pepper Company
24 Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Dominican Republic Export Promotion Center, Electric Paper Inc., RN Forwarding
23 Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue
22 Security Command Center, Cheng Xiang Trading USA, Chicago Board Options Exchange Corporation, G.C. Services, Gold Sky Inc., Kaiser Overseas, Karoon Capital Management, MLU Investment, Pluto Commodities, P. Wolfe Investments, Tai Fook Securities, The SCPIE Companies, Unicom Capital Advisors, AMROC International Company, Central Trust of China, China Steel, New York Metropolitan Transportation Council, SySoft e-Business Lab
21 Avesta Computer Services, Continental Logistics, Dongwon Securities Company(then part of Dongwon Industries), Friends Ivory & Sime, Friends Villas Fischer Trust, Infotech Commercial Systems, Law Offices of Roman V. Popik, Lief International, Tower Computer Services, United Seamen's Service (USS-AMMLA), 1 Stop Investment Advice, Brauner International Corporation, Cat Technology Inc., Wired Cat, J.D. Smith Customs Broker, Marc Commodities, Regional Alliance for Small Contractors, United Hercules
20 Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, Rohde & Liesenfeld
19 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Adams McFarlane LLC (NexxtHealth), Excel Shipping, HZ Bernstein Air Freight, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue
18 Neovest, I/B/E/S International Inc., SportsGelt LLC
17 ABC International, Masterpiece International, Nippon Express USA, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company
16 California Bank & Trust, Seven Star Lines, ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company, Ramon International Insurance Brokers (ZimAmerican)
15 Landmark Education Corporation, Continental Forwarding, Gringsby Brandford & Co., H.W. Robinson & Co.
14 Instinet, Dun & Bradstreet, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Aeolian Shipping Company, C. Allen & Co., Hirshbach & Smith, VanderGrift Forwarding
13 Instinet
12 Bank of America, Lafayette Shipping Company, Instinet
11 Bank of America, Porcella Vicini & Co., Primark Decision Economics, Raymond James & Associates, Allstate Insurance Company, Tes USA
10 Bank of America, Export Import Service, Hauser Air Corporation
9 Bank of America, Foreign Credit Insurance Association
8 Mechanical floor
7 Mechanical floor
6 —
5 Gayer, Shyu & Wiesel
4 Geiger & Geiger
3 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, LG Insurance Company, W.R. Hambrecht
2 —
L Avis, Delta Air Lines, Olympia Airport Express, Trans World Airlines, Continental Airlines, Continental Enterprises, Citibank
C The Mall at the World Trade Center

SOURCES: CoStar Group, CNN, and Unblinking.

The North Pool of the present-day National September 11 Memorial & Museum, marking the spot upon which the original One World Trade Center stood.

Floor unknown: Alliance Global Finance, Associated Charter Marine, Carreden Group, CIF Agency, Dimetol International Trade, Eastern Capital Corporation, Falcon International Freight, First Pacific Rim, GAC Shipping, Garwood Financial, Globe Shipping Company, GSI Cargo Service, Hachijuni Bank, Hanil Securities, Lin Brothers International, Pluto Commodities, Port Newark

92nd floor

[edit]

The 92nd floor, though technically the first floor below Flight 11's impact zone, did not have any survivors.[72] Sixty-nine people reported to work that morning, including 67 employees of Carr Futures, a tenant on the 92nd floor. The impact itself spared every single person on Floor 92 and did no damage to the floor directly. However, the force of the crash collapsed walls and inflicted nonstructural damage such as smashed windows,[73] broken ceiling tiles and severed electrical wires, as well as causing knee-deep flooding throughout various rooms on the 92nd floor after the water pipes burst. Multiple calls were recorded from people trapped on the floor, the workers reporting that although the stairs on the 92nd floor had not been destroyed, they were walled off by fallen debris from Flight 11's impact zone immediately above.[74] In addition to the stairs being rendered impassable, the centralized impact into the North Tower's core also interrupted elevator service in the skyscraper from its 50th floor and higher, severing all escape routes for anyone above the 91st floor.[75]

Initially, conditions on the 92nd floor were likely not dissimilar to what they were on the 91st, from which everyone survived and escaped.[76] The situation changed very quickly when flammable aviation fuel spilled down into the 92nd floor, igniting fires that rapidly began consuming its east side; within 12 minutes of the impact, the first known fatalities from the floor occurred over a three-minute period when eight workers were forced to jump from the northern end of the tower's east side to escape a rapidly advancing wall of flames.[77] Those who remained made their way to an unoccupied area on the west side of the floor that was initially free of smoke and fire. However, images show that the blaze on the tower’s north face eventually spread westward to their safe haven in that section of the floor, making conditions there unsurvivable.[78]

The last phone call from the North Tower came from Thomas McGinnis, a trader on the 92nd floor, when he got through to his wife Iliana at 10:18. McGinnis and a number of others had been confined to a conference room the entire time after the door jammed shut from the building buckling as the plane hit, separating them from everyone else on the floor. Most of the floor was engulfed in flames by the time McGinnis called, with extremely limited space for the group to avoid being burned.[79] Despite his wife's attempts to reassure him, McGinnis did not believe they would survive. The South Tower had already collapsed, and McGinnis revealed to her that he could see people jumping from the floors above. The line went dead at 10:26, two minutes before the tower collapsed.[74]

Tenants that left prior to the attacks

[edit]

Between 1978 and 1995, the Consulate of Paraguay was located in Suite 1609 of 1 World Trade Center.[80][81] Home Lines once occupied Suite 3969 from 1974[82] until 1988.[83]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "9/11/01 timeline: How the September 11, 2001 attacks unfolded". WPVI-TV. September 11, 2023. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
  2. ^ "The World Trade Center: A Timeline". The New York Times Magazine. 2004. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  3. ^ "History of the Twin Towers". PANYNJ.gov. 2013. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  4. ^ World Trade Center Archived October 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. PANYNJ.gov. 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
  5. ^ One World Trade Center construction updates Archived December 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Lower Manhattan.info. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
  6. ^ Grutzner, Charles (December 29, 1961). "Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  7. ^ a b Esterow, Milton (September 21, 1962). "Architect Named for Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  8. ^ a b Huxtable, Ada Louise (January 19, 1964). "A New Era Heralded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  9. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 49.
  10. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 7.
  11. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (March 29, 1965). "Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  12. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 61.
  13. ^ World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), p. 1.2.
  14. ^ "Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. January 24, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331.
  15. ^ a b "Timeline: World Trade Center chronology". PBS – American Experience. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
  16. ^ Lew, H. S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. xxxvi.
  17. ^ "History of the Twin Towers". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. June 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  18. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 134.
  19. ^ "Trade Center Hit by 6-Floor Fire". The New York Times. February 14, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  20. ^ Treaster, Joseph B. (May 21, 1975). "Suspect, 19, Is Charged With Trade Center Fires". The New York Times. p. 47. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
  21. ^ "Disgruntled custodian sets off fire in north tower of New York's World Trade Center 40 years ago this hour (Feb 13 1975)". RetroNewser. February 14, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
  22. ^ Goodwin, Michael (March 13, 1981). "TRADE CENTER TO GET FIRE SPRINKLERS AT $45 MILLION COST". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  23. ^ Reeve, Simon (2002). The new jackals : Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the future of terrorism. Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-55553-509-4.
  24. ^ "Prosecutor: Yousef aimed to topple Trade Center towers". CNN. August 5, 1997. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  25. ^ Mathews, Tom (March 8, 1993). "A Shaken City's Towering Inferno". Newsweek. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  26. ^ Barbanel, Josh (February 27, 1993). "Tougher Code May Not Have Helped". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  27. ^ Port Authority Risk Management Staff. "The World Trade Center Complex" (PDF). United States Fire Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
  28. ^ "Brookfield Loses Lease Bid". Toronto Star. February 23, 2001.
  29. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (March 20, 2001). "As Trade Center Talks Stumble, No. 2 Bidder Gets Another Chance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  30. ^ Smothers, Ronald (July 25, 2001). "Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  31. ^ "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  32. ^ "Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 17, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  33. ^ "9/11 Commission Report". The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  34. ^ Miller, Bill (May 1, 2002). "Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  35. ^ World Trade Center Building Performance Study, Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4
  36. ^ Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7, p. xxxvii.
  37. ^ "How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America?". 2004. Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  38. ^ "Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial". CBC News. September 9, 2011. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013. A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.
  39. ^ Stone, Andrea (August 20, 2002). "Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  40. ^ a b Sunder (2005), p. 48.
  41. ^ Westfeldt, Amy (March 23, 2007). "Debate over staircase slows WTC project". Times Union. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  42. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1–1 (2005), p. xxxviii.
  43. ^ American Iron and Steel Institute (1964). "The World Trade Center – New York City". Contemporary Steel Design. 1 (4). American Iron and Steel Institute.
  44. ^ Darton (1999), pp. 32–34.
  45. ^ Grudin, Robert (April 20, 2010). Design And Truth. Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-300-16203-5. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  46. ^ Kerr, Laurie (December 28, 2001). "Bin Laden's special complaint with the World Trade Center". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  47. ^ "The World Trade Center: Statistics and History". Archived from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  48. ^ McDowell, Edwin (April 11, 1997). "At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
  49. ^ "1973: World Trade Center Is Dynamic Duo of Height". Engineering News-Record. August 16, 1999. Archived from the original on June 11, 2002.
  50. ^ William Baker; Johnathan Barnett; Christopher Marrion; Ronald Hamburger; James Milke; Harold Nelson (September 1, 2002). "Chapter 2. WTC 1 and WTC 2". World Trade Center Building Performance Study. FEMA. p. 33. ... the loads initially carried by the damaged exterior columns were transferred by Vierendeel truss action to the remaining exterior columns immediately adjacent to the impact area.
  51. ^ a b c NIST NCSTAR 1 (2005), p. 6.
  52. ^ Goldberger (2004), p. 26.
  53. ^ a b c NIST NCSTAR 1 (2005), pp. 5–6.
  54. ^ a b c NIST NCSTAR 1–1 (2005), p. 8.
  55. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1–1 (2005), p. 9.
  56. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1–1 (2005), p. 10.
  57. ^ Tamaro, George J. (Spring 2002). "World Trade Center "Bathtub": From Genesis to Armageddon". Bridges. 32 (1). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
  58. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1 (2005), p. 8.
  59. ^ a b Zarghamee, Mehdi S.; Kitane, Y.; Erbay, Omer O.; McAllister, Therese P.; Gross, John L. (December 1, 2005). "Global Structural Analysis of the Response of the World Trade Center Towers to Impact Damage and Fire. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1-6D)". NIST: 285.
  60. ^ a b NIST NCSTAR 1 (2005), p. 10.
  61. ^ "New York: A Documentary Film – The Center of the World (Construction Footage)". Port Authority / PBS. Archived from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
  62. ^ Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 138.
  63. ^ Robertson, Leslie E. (2002). "Reflections on the World Trade Center". The Bridge Volume 32, Number 1. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
  64. ^ Sadek, Fahim. Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers(NCSTAR 1–2 appendix A). NIST 2005. pp. 305–307.
  65. ^ Hamburger, Ronald; et al. "World Trade Center Building Performance Study" (PDF). Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved July 27, 2006.
  66. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1–6 (2005), p. lxxi. NIST lists upgraded floors as 92–100 and 102 plus 8 unspecified floors.
  67. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1–1 (2005), p. 162.
  68. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1–4 (2005), p. 14.
  69. ^ a b "List of World Trade Center tenants". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  70. ^ Updated list Archived February 7, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. UnBlinking.com. 2001. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  71. ^ "office locations." Cantor Fitzgerald. August 9, 2001. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
  72. ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004). 9/11 Commission Report (PDF). Government Printing Office. p. 303.
  73. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis (PDF). p. 166.
  74. ^ a b "102 MINUTES: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die". The New York Times. May 26, 2002. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  75. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation (PDF). p. 74. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  76. ^ "102 MINUTES: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die". The New York Times. May 26, 2002. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  77. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis (PDF). p. 240.
  78. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis (PDF). p. 335. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  79. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis (PDF). p. 356. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  80. ^ "Where to Get Information Before You Go" Archived May 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (requires subscription). The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2013. [permanent dead link]
  81. ^ "1995: International Adoption – Paraguay Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved January 15, 2012. "Consulate General of Paraguay Consular Section 1 World Trade Center, Suite 1609 New York, NY 10048".
  82. ^ "WINTER CRUISES". November 3, 1974. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  83. ^ 2J Travel (February 7, 1988). "CRUISE LINE OFFICES". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Home Lines, 1 World Trade Center, Suite 3969, New York, NY 10048{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_World_Trade_Center_(1971–2001)&oldid=1244368292"