List of governors of Wyoming
Appearance
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Governor of Wyoming | |
---|---|
![]() Seal of the governor | |
since January 7, 2019 | |
Style |
|
Status | |
Residence | Wyoming Governor's Mansion |
Term length | Four years, renewable once (limited to eight years in a sixteen year period) |
Inaugural holder | Francis E. Warren |
Formation | Wyoming Constitution |
Salary | $105,000 (2022)[1] |
Website | governor |
The governor of Wyoming is the head of government of Wyoming, and the commander-in-chief of the U.S. state's military department.
The gubernatorial term has been set at four years since statehood. Originally, a governor could be elected any number of times. Since a 1992 referendum, governors have been limited to eight years in office during any 16-year period—effectively limiting them to two consecutive terms.
List of governors
[edit]Territory of Wyoming
[edit]No. | Governor | Term in office[a] | Appointing President | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
John Allen Campbell (1835–1880) [2] |
April 7, 1869[b] – February 10, 1875 (successor appointed) |
Ulysses S. Grant |
2 | ![]() |
John Milton Thayer (1820–1906) [6] |
February 10, 1875[c] – April 10, 1878 (successor appointed) |
Ulysses S. Grant |
3 | ![]() |
John Wesley Hoyt (1831–1912) [9] |
April 10, 1878[d] – August 3, 1882 (successor appointed) |
Rutherford B. Hayes |
4 | ![]() |
William Hale (1837–1885) [12] |
August 3, 1882[e] – January 13, 1885 (died in office)[f] |
Chester A. Arthur |
5 | ![]() |
Francis E. Warren (1844–1929) [15][16] |
February 27, 1885[g] – November 11, 1886 (successor appointed) |
Chester A. Arthur |
6 | ![]() |
George W. Baxter (1855–1929) [19] |
November 11, 1886[h] – December 20, 1886 (resigned)[i] |
Grover Cleveland |
7 | ![]() |
Thomas Moonlight (1833–1899) [20] |
December 20, 1886[j] – April 9, 1889 (successor appointed) |
Grover Cleveland |
8 | ![]() |
Francis E. Warren (1844–1929) [15][16] |
April 9, 1889[k] – October 11, 1890 (elected state governor) |
Benjamin Harrison |
State of Wyoming
[edit]No. | Governor | Term in office | Party | Election | Secretary of State[l] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Francis E. Warren (1844–1929) [15][16][25] |
October 11, 1890[26] – November 24, 1890 (resigned)[m] |
Republican[27] | 1890 | John W. Meldrum | ||
Amos W. Barber | ||||||||
2 | ![]() |
Amos W. Barber (1860–1915) [28][29] |
November 24, 1890[30] – January 2, 1893 (successor took office) |
Republican[27] | Secretary of state acting |
Acting as governor | ||
3 | ![]() |
John Eugene Osborne (1858–1943) [31][32] |
January 2, 1893[33] – January 7, 1895 (did not run)[31] |
Democratic[n] | 1892§ | Amos W. Barber[o] | ||
4 | ![]() |
William A. Richards (1849–1912) [35][36] |
January 7, 1895[37] – January 2, 1899 (did not run)[35] |
Republican[27] | 1894 | Charles W. Burdick | ||
5 | ![]() |
DeForest Richards (1846–1903) [38][39] |
January 2, 1899[40] – April 28, 1903 (died in office) |
Republican[27] | 1898 | Fenimore Chatterton | ||
1902 | ||||||||
6 | ![]() |
Fenimore Chatterton (1860–1958) [41][42] |
April 28, 1903[43] – January 2, 1905 (lost nomination) |
Republican[27] | Secretary of state acting |
Acting as governor | ||
7 | ![]() |
Bryant Butler Brooks (1861–1944) [44] |
January 2, 1905[45] – January 2, 1911 (did not run) |
Republican[27] | 1904 (special) |
Fenimore Chatterton | ||
1906 | William Schnitger | |||||||
8 | ![]() |
Joseph M. Carey (1845–1924) [46][47] |
January 2, 1911[48] – January 4, 1915 (did not run) |
Democratic[p][46] | 1910 | Frank L. Houx | ||
9 | ![]() |
John B. Kendrick (1857–1933) [49][50] |
January 4, 1915[51] – February 24, 1917 (resigned)[q] |
Democratic[27] | 1914 | |||
10 | ![]() |
Frank L. Houx (1854–1941) [52][53] |
February 24, 1917[54] – January 6, 1919 (lost election) |
Democratic[27] | Secretary of state acting |
Acting as governor | ||
11 | ![]() |
Robert D. Carey (1878–1937) [55][56] |
January 6, 1919[57] – January 1, 1923 (lost nomination)[r] |
Republican[27] | 1918 | William E. Chaplin | ||
12 | ![]() |
William B. Ross (1873–1924) [58][59] |
January 1, 1923[60] – October 2, 1924 (died in office) |
Democratic[27] | 1922 | Frank Lucas[o] | ||
13 | ![]() |
Frank Lucas (1876–1948) [61][62] |
October 2, 1924[63] – January 5, 1925 (successor took office) |
Republican[27] | Secretary of state acting |
Acting as governor | ||
14 | ![]() |
Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876–1977) [64][65] |
January 5, 1925[66] – January 3, 1927 (lost election) |
Democratic[27] | 1924 (special) |
Frank Lucas[o] | ||
15 | ![]() |
Frank Emerson (1882–1931) [67][68] |
January 3, 1927[69] – February 18, 1931 (died in office) |
Republican[27] | 1926 | Alonzo M. Clark | ||
1930 | ||||||||
16 | ![]() |
Alonzo M. Clark (1868–1952) [70][71] |
February 18, 1931[72] – January 2, 1933 (lost nomination)[s] |
Republican[27] | Secretary of state acting |
Acting as governor | ||
17 | ![]() |
Leslie A. Miller (1886–1970) [73][74] |
January 2, 1933[75] – January 2, 1939 (lost election) |
Democratic[27] | 1932 (special) |
Alonzo M. Clark[o] | ||
1934 | Lester C. Hunt[t] | |||||||
18 | ![]() |
Nels H. Smith (1884–1976) [76][77] |
January 2, 1939[78] – January 4, 1943 (lost election) |
Republican[27] | 1938 | |||
19 | ![]() |
Lester C. Hunt (1892–1954) [79][80] |
January 4, 1943[81] – January 3, 1949 (resigned)[u] |
Democratic[27] | 1942 | Mart T. Christensen[o] | ||
William M. Jack | ||||||||
1946 | Arthur G. Crane[o] | |||||||
20 | ![]() |
Arthur G. Crane (1877–1955) [82][83] |
January 3, 1949[84] – January 1, 1951 (successor took office) |
Republican[27] | Secretary of state acting |
Acting as governor | ||
21 | ![]() |
Frank A. Barrett (1892–1962) [85][86] |
January 1, 1951[87] – January 3, 1953 (resigned)[v] |
Republican[27] | 1950 | Clifford Joy Rogers | ||
22 | ![]() |
Clifford Joy Rogers (1897–1962) [88][89] |
January 3, 1953[90] – January 3, 1955 (lost nomination)[88] |
Republican[27] | Secretary of state acting |
Acting as governor | ||
23 | ![]() |
Milward Simpson (1897–1993) [91][92] |
January 3, 1955[93] – January 5, 1959 (lost election) |
Republican[27] | 1954 | Everett T. Copenhaver | ||
24 | ![]() |
Joe Hickey (1911–1970) [94][95] |
January 5, 1959[96] – January 2, 1961 (resigned)[w] |
Democratic[27] | 1958 | Jack R. Gage | ||
25 | ![]() |
Jack R. Gage (1899–1970) [97][98] |
January 2, 1961[99] – January 7, 1963 (lost election) |
Democratic[27] | Secretary of state acting |
Acting as governor | ||
26 | ![]() |
Clifford Hansen (1912–2009) [100][101] |
January 7, 1963[102] – January 2, 1967 (did not run)[x] |
Republican[27] | 1962 | Thyra Thomson[o] | ||
27 | ![]() |
Stanley K. Hathaway (1924–2005) [103][104] |
January 2, 1967[105] – January 6, 1975 (did not run)[103] |
Republican[27] | 1966 | |||
1970 | ||||||||
28 | ![]() |
Edgar Herschler (1918–1990) [106][107] |
January 6, 1975[108] – January 5, 1987 (did not run) |
Democratic[27] | 1974 | |||
1978 | ||||||||
1982 | ||||||||
29 | ![]() |
Mike Sullivan (b. 1939) [109] |
January 5, 1987[110] – January 2, 1995 (term-limited)[y] |
Democratic[109] | 1986 | Kathy Karpan | ||
1990 | ||||||||
30 | ![]() |
Jim Geringer (b. 1944) [112] |
January 2, 1995[113] – January 6, 2003 (term-limited)[y] |
Republican[112] | 1994 | Diana J. Ohman | ||
1998 | Joseph Meyer[o] | |||||||
31 | ![]() |
Dave Freudenthal (b. 1950) [114] |
January 6, 2003[115] – January 3, 2011 (term-limited)[y] |
Democratic[114] | 2002 | |||
2006 | Max Maxfield[o] | |||||||
32 | ![]() |
Matt Mead (b. 1962) [116] |
January 3, 2011[117] – January 7, 2019 (term-limited)[y] |
Republican[116] | 2010 | |||
2014 | Ed Murray | |||||||
Edward Buchanan | ||||||||
33 | ![]() |
Mark Gordon (b. 1957) [118] |
January 7, 2019[119] – Incumbent[z] |
Republican[118] | 2018 | |||
Karl Allred | ||||||||
2022 | Chuck Gray |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor's successor was confirmed, unless noted.
- ^ Campbell was nominated on April 3, 1869;[3] confirmed by the Senate on April 7;[4] took the oath of office on April 15;[2] and arrived in the territory on May 7.[2] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on March 26, 1873.[5]
- ^ Thayer was nominated[7] and confirmed by the Senate[8] on February 10, 1875, and took the oath of office on March 1.[6]
- ^ Hoyt was nominated on March 12, 1878;[10] confirmed by the Senate on April 10;[11] and arrived in the territory on May 29.[9]
- ^ Hale was nominated on July 26, 1882;[13] confirmed by the Senate on August 3;[14] and took the oath of office on August 22.[12]
- ^ Territorial Secretary Elliot S. N. Morgan acted as governor until Hale's successor arrived.[12]
- ^ Warren was nominated on February 26, 1885;[17] confirmed by the Senate on February 27;[18] and took the oath of office on February 28.[15]
- ^ Baxter was appointed on November 11, 1886, during a Senate recess.[19] He was not confirmed by the Senate before he resigned.
- ^ Baxter resigned due to charges of grazing cattle on government land; Territorial Secretary Elliot S. N. Morgan acted as governor until his successor arrived.[19]
- ^ Moonlight was nominated on December 8, 1886;[21] confirmed by the Senate on December 20;[22] and took the oath of office on January 24, 1887.[20]
- ^ Warren was nominated on March 26, 1889;[23] confirmed by the Senate on March 27;[24] and took the oath of office on April 9.[15]
- ^ Secretaries of state represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
- ^ Warren resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[16]
- ^ Osborne represented the Democratic and Populist parties.[34]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Represented the Republican Party
- ^ Sobel notes Carey received the Democratic nomination, but called himself an Independent and, later, a Progressive.[46]
- ^ Kendrick resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[49]
- ^ Carey lost the Republican nomination to John W. Hay.[55]
- ^ Clark lost the Republican nomination to Harry R. Weston.[70]
- ^ Represented the Democratic Party
- ^ Hunt resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[79]
- ^ Barrett resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[85]
- ^ Hickey resigned so that his successor could appoint him to the United States Senate.[94]
- ^ Hansen was instead elected to the United States Senate.[100]
- ^ a b c d Legislation passed in 1992 limited governors to eight years in any period of sixteen years.[111]
- ^ Gordon's second term began on January 2, 2023, and will expire January 4, 2027; he will be term-limited.
References
[edit]- ^ "Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries". The Council of State Governments. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
- ^ a b c McMullin 1984, pp. 337–338.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 41st Cong., 1st sess., 76, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 41st Cong., 1st sess., 108, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 43rd Cong., special sess., 116, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ a b McMullin 1984, pp. 338–339.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 43rd Cong., 2nd sess., 509, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 43rd Cong., 2nd sess., 510, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ a b McMullin 1984, pp. 339–340.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 45th Cong., 2nd sess., 261, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 45th Cong., 2nd sess., 291, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ a b c McMullin 1984, p. 341.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 47th Cong., 1st sess., 497, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 47th Cong., 1st sess., 516, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e McMullin 1984, pp. 341–343.
- ^ a b c d Sobel 1978, p. 1765.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 48th Cong., 2nd sess., 484, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 48th Cong., 2nd sess., 490, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ a b c McMullin 1984, pp. 343–344.
- ^ a b McMullin 1984, pp. 344–346.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 49th Cong., 2nd sess., 597, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 49th Cong., 2nd sess., 664, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 51st Cong., special sess., 40, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 51st Cong., special sess., 46, accessed July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Francis E. Warren". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Just Before Midnight". The Cheyenne Daily Leader. October 12, 1890. p. 3. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Kallenbach 1977, pp. 649–651.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1766.
- ^ "Amos Walker Barber". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Governor Barber". The Cheyenne Daily Leader. November 25, 1890. p. 2. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1766–1767.
- ^ "John Eugene Osborne". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Governor Osborne Takes the Official Oath a Second Time". Lincoln Journal Star. January 3, 1893. p. 2. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Glashan 1979, p. 346.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1767–1768.
- ^ "William Alford Richards". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Wyoming's New Governor". Reno Gazette-Journal. Associated Press. January 7, 1895. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1768–1769.
- ^ "De Forest Richards". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Inducted into Office". The Salt Lake Tribune. January 3, 1899. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1769.
- ^ "Fenimore Chatterton". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Gov. Richards Called". The Salt Lake Tribune. April 29, 1903. p. 3. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1770.
- ^ "Wyoming's New Governor Takes Office". Chicago Tribune. January 3, 1905. p. 5. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b c Sobel 1978, pp. 1770–1771.
- ^ "Joseph Maull Carey". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Carey Inaugurated Governor of Wyoming". Midland Empire News. January 3, 1911. p. 4. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1771–1772.
- ^ "John Benjamin Kendrick". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Kendrick Inducted Wyoming Governor". Salt Lake Telegram. January 4, 1915. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1772.
- ^ "Frank L. Houx". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Frank L. Houx Now Governor of Wyo". The Northern Wyoming Herald. February 28, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1773.
- ^ "Robert Davis Carey". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Governor Robert D. Carey". The Northern Wyoming Herald. January 8, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1773–1774.
- ^ "William Bradford Ross". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "New Executive Is Fourth Demo to Hold Office". Casper Star-Tribune. January 2, 1923. p. 1. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1774.
- ^ "Franklin Earl Lucas". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Governor Ross Is Dead". Casper Star-Tribune. October 2, 1924. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1775.
- ^ "Nellie Tayloe Ross". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Nellie Tayloe Ross Inaugurated Governor; First Woman to Hold This Office in U.S." Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 5, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1775–1776.
- ^ "Frank Collins Emerson". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Emerson in Inaugural Address Urges Constructive Program". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 3, 1927. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1776–1777.
- ^ "Alonzo M. Clark". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Gov. Emerson Dead". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. February 19, 1931. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1777.
- ^ "Leslie A. Miller". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Gov. Miller Assumes Post". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 2, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1777–1778.
- ^ "Nels H. Smith". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Governor Smith Takes Oath". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 2, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1778–1779.
- ^ "Lester Calloway Hunt". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Governor Hunt Takes Oath". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 4, 1943. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1779.
- ^ "Arthur Griswold Crane". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Crane Becomes Chief Executive". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 3, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1779–1780.
- ^ "Frank A. Barrett". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Woolfson, Walt (January 1, 1951). "Barrett Sworn In at Ceremony at Statehouse". Casper Star-Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1780.
- ^ "Clifford Joy Rogers". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Rogers Is Now Governor". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 4, 1953. p. 2. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1781.
- ^ "Milward L. Simpson". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Simpson Is Sworn In As Governor". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 3, 1955. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1781–1782.
- ^ "John Joseph Hickey". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Joe Hickey Takes Oath As Governor". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 5, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1782–1783.
- ^ "Jack Robert Gage". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Hickey Resigns; Appointed to Senate". The Jackson Hole Guide. January 5, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1783.
- ^ "Clifford P. Hansen". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Gov. Hansen Takes Over Duties Today". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. January 7, 1963. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1783–1784.
- ^ "Stanley K. Hathaway". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Missett Jr., Bill (January 3, 1967). "Hathaway Becomes Wyoming's 19th Governor". Casper Star-Tribune. p. 10. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1784–1785.
- ^ "Edward Herschler". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Magers, Kathie (January 7, 1975). "Herschler Takes Office". Casper Star-Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b "Michael J. Sullivan". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Kirshner, Erich (January 6, 1987). "Sullivan Takes Oath As Wyoming's 29th Governor". Casper Star-Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ Pershing, Chris; Cillizza, Ben (February 16, 2009). "Will Wyoming's Governor Buck Term Limits?". ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
- ^ a b "Jim Geringer". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Geringer Promises Renewed Trust". Billings Gazette. Associated Press. January 3, 1995. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b "Dave Freudenthal". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Governor Installed". The Billings Gazette. Associated Press. January 7, 2003. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b "Matthew Mead". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Pelzer, Jeremy (January 4, 2011). "'Putting Wyoming First'". Casper Star-Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ a b "Mark Gordon". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Gruver, Mead (January 8, 2019). "Governor Takes Oath in Work Zone". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. p. A1. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
Bibliography
[edit]- Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. Vol. IV. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466008. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
- Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). American State Governors, 1776-1976. Oceana Publications. ISBN 9780379006650. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Glashan, Roy R. (1979). American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466176.
- McMullin, Thomas A. (1984). Biographical Directory of American Territorial Governors. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466114. Retrieved January 19, 2023.