List of political term limits
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This is a list of term limits for heads of state, heads of government and other notable public office holders by country.
Africa
[edit]Country | Head of state/government | Other | ||
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Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2016 constitution reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2021 constitution reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1956 constitution reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1996 constitution reform | ||
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President | No set terms (transitional) | ||
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President | Two 7-year terms, since 2018 constitutional reform | ||
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President | No set terms (transitional) | ||
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President | Unlimited 7-year terms, since 2008 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Unlimited 7-year terms, since 2023 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2019 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2016 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2005 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Three 5-year terms, since 2015 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2010 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 6-year terms, since 2019 constitutional referendum | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two 7-year terms, since 2011 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, as per unenforced constitution (no set terms in practice) | ||
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King | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 constitutional reform |
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President | Two 6-year terms, since 1987 constitutional reform | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | No set terms (transitional) | ||
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President | Two 4-year terms, since 1992 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1996 constitutional reform | ||
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President | No set terms (transitional) | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two 5-year terms, as per the 1996 constitution reform. | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitution (except after succeeding to the Presidency and serving for more than two and a half years, in which case only one subsequent five-year term is permitted) | Deputy President | Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitution (except after succeeding to the Deputy Presidency and serving for more than two and a half years, in which case only one subsequent five-year term is permitted) |
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King | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1998 constitutional reform |
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President | Two 6-year terms, since 1986 constitutional referendum | ||
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Presidential Council | No set terms (transitional) | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1992 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1995 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | No set terms (transitional) | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1991 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1991 constitutional reform | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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King | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2011 constitutional reform |
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2004 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1999 constitutional reform | ||
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President | No set terms (transitional) | ||
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President | Two 4-year terms, since 1999 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2015 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2003 constitution reform | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2016 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2016 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1991 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1991 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1996 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Unlimited 4-year terms | ||
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President | No set terms (transitional) | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1977 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2019 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2014 constitutional referendum | ||
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President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 constitutional reform | ||
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President | No set terms (in exile) | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2006 constitutional reform | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2013 constitutional referendum |
Americas
[edit]Country | Head of state/government | Other | ||
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Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
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President | Two consecutive 4-year terms | Vice President | Two consecutive 4-year terms |
Senators | Unlimited 6-year terms | |||
Deputies | Unlimited 4-year terms | |||
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President | Two 4-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the House of Assembly, which has a term of five years |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the House of Representatives, which has a term of five years |
Governor-General | No set terms; appointed by monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. | |||
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 2023[1] | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms |
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President | Two consecutive 4-year terms | Vice President | Two consecutive 4-year terms |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, but the Prime Minister must maintain the support of the House of Commons, which by statute has a term of four years |
Governor General | No set terms; appointed by monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. Traditionally serves for one 5-year term alternating between Anglophone and Francophone appointees. | |||
Lieutenant Governor (provincial) | No set terms; appointed by monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. Traditionally serves for at least one 5-year term. | Premier (provincial/territorial) | No directly set terms, but Premiers must maintain the support of their respective provincial or territorial legislative assemblies, which have a term of five years | |
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President | Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms | ||
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President | One 4-year term | Vice President | Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms |
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President | Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms | ||
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First Secretary | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | Two 5-year terms |
President | ||||
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President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms |
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President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms |
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President | Two 5-year terms (Bukele's political reforms) | Vice President | One 5-year term |
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President | One 4-year term | Vice President | Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms |
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President | Two 5-year terms | ||
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President | (Transitional) | ||
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President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms |
Governor-General | No set terms; appointed by monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. | |||
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President | One 6-year term (sexenio) | Senate | Two 6-year terms (since 2018) |
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President | Unlimited 5-year terms[2] | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms (Ortega's political reforms) |
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President | Two non-consecutive 5-year terms | Vice President | Two non-consecutive 5-year terms |
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President | One 5-year term | Vice President | One 5-year term |
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President | Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms | Vice President | Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms |
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President | Unlimited 5-year terms | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms |
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President | Two 4-year terms, except after succeeding to the Presidency and serving more than two years, in which case only one subsequent four-year term is permitted. Eligibility of former term-limited presidents is unclear (see Twenty-second Amendment). | Vice President | Unlimited 4-year terms |
Senators | Unlimited 6-year terms | |||
Representatives | Unlimited 2-year terms | |||
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President | Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms | Vice President | Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms |
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President | Unlimited 6-year terms, since 2009 constitutional referendum | Vice President | No fixed terms |
Asia
[edit]Country | Head of state | Head of government/other | ||
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Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
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President | One 7-year term | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Assembly, which has a term of five years |
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President | Unlimited 7-year terms | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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King | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two terms: 6 years (current), 5 years (from 2024) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms |
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Chief Executive | Two consecutive 5-year terms | ||
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President | Unlimited 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Indian Parliament, which has a term of five years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Vice President | Two 5-year terms |
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Emperor | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 4-year terms |
Member of the House of Councillors | Unlimited 6-year terms | |||
Member of the House of Representatives | Unlimited 4-year terms | |||
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President | One 7-year term (2022–present).
Two consecutive 5-year terms, with an exception for the first President (1991-2022). |
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President | Two 5-year terms | ||
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General Secretary | Unlimited 5-year terms | Prime Minister | Two 5-year terms |
President | Two 5-year terms | |||
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Chief Executive | Two consecutive 5-year terms | Legislative Assembly | Unlimited 4-year terms |
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Monarch | Unlimited 5-year terms, but because the post rotates among the nine sultans of the Malayan states, they are de facto unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms. | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two 5-year terms, since 1998 | ||
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President | One 6-year term (Two 4-year terms until 2021) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the State Great Khural, which has a term of four years. |
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General Secretary | No set terms | Premier | Unlimited 5-year terms |
President of State Affairs | Unlimited 5-year terms | |||
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Pakistan Parliament, which has a term of five years |
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General Secretary | Unlimited 5-year terms | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2018 constitutional reform |
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2018 constitutional reform | Premier | Two consecutive 5-year terms (Two consecutive terms of National People's Congress session) | |
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President | One 6-year term | Vice President | Two consecutive 6-year terms |
Senators | Two consecutive 6-year terms | |||
Representatives of the House | Three consecutive 3-year terms | |||
All other local government officials | Three consecutive 3-year terms | |||
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President | Two 6-year terms[3] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the President, who has a term of six years, as well as the support of the State Duma, which has a term of five years |
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President | One 5-year term | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Unlimited 6-year terms | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two 5-year terms since 2015 | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two consecutive 4-year terms, since 1994[4][5] | Vice President | Same as the president |
Members of the Legislative Yuan | Unlimited 4-year terms since 2008[6] | |||
County, city and township councilors, and village chiefs | Unlimited 4-year terms[7] | |||
County magistrates, and city and township mayors | Two consecutive 4-year terms[8] | |||
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President | Two 7-year terms (Exception for Founder of peace and national Unity — Leader of the Nation)[9] | ||
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Two 4-year terms |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No term limits |
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President | Two 7-year terms, since 2023 constitutional reform | ||
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General Secretary | Unlimited 5-year terms (in practice two 5-years terms) | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms (in practice two 5-years terms) |
President | Unlimited 5-year terms (in practice two 5-years terms) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms (in practice two 5-years terms) |
West Asia
[edit]Country | Head of state | Head of government/other | ||
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Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
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President | Two consecutive 5-year terms | ||
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President | Two 4-year terms | Prime Minister | Unlimited 4-year terms |
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King | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Jordanian Parliament, which has a term of four years |
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President | One 7-year term | Prime Minister | Between 1948 and 1996, and since 2001: No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Knesset, which has an undefined term not exceeding four years |
Between 1996 and 2001 (when the Prime Minister was directly elected): Unlimited undefined terms. Should these terms exceed seven years, the Prime Minister will not be eligible for immediate re-election | ||||
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President | Unlimited non-consecutive 6-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms |
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President | Two 7-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms |
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President | Two 5-year terms[10] | Grand National Assembly of Turkey | Unlimited 5-year terms |
Europe
[edit]Country | Head of state | Head of government (if effectively supreme to a separate head of state) and other offices | ||
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Title | Maximum number of terms | Title | Maximum number of terms | |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Albanian Parliament, which has a term of four years |
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President | One 7-year term | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Assembly, which has a term of five years |
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President | Two consecutive 6-year terms | Chancellor | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Council, which has a term of five years |
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President | Unlimited 7-year terms | ||
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President | Unlimited 5-year terms | ||
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Representatives, which has a term of five years |
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Presidency members | Two 4-year terms, reeligible after four years | Chairman of the Council of Ministers (equivalent of Prime Minister) | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the House of Representatives, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Assembly, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Sabor, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies, which has a term of four years |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Folketing, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Riigikogu, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two consecutive 6-year terms[11] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Finnish Parliament, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two consecutive terms: 5 years (2002–present), 7 years (1873–2002) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Assembly, which has a term of five years |
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President | Two terms: 6 years (current), 5 years (from 2024) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms |
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President | Two consecutive 5-year terms | Chancellor | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Bundestag, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Hellenic Parliament, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Assembly, which has a term of four years |
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President | Unlimited 4-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Althing, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 7-year terms | Taoiseach (equivalent of Prime Minister) | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Dáil, which has a term of five years |
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President | Unlimited 7-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of both Houses of the Parliament, which have a term of five years |
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President | One 7-year term (2022–present).
Two consecutive 5-year terms, with an exception for the first President (1991-2022). |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Assembly, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 4-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Saeima, which has a term of four years |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Landtag, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Seimas, which has a term of four years |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies, which has a term of five years |
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President | One 5-year term | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Maltese Parliament, which has a term of five years |
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President | Two 4-year terms[12] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Moldovan Parliament, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Montenegrin Parliament, which has a term of four years |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 4-year terms; however, they must maintain the support of the House of Representatives, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Assembly of North Macedonia, which has a term of four years |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Storting, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Sejm, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two consecutive 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Assembly of the Republic, which has a term of less than four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the support of the Senate, both of which have a term of less than four years |
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President | Two 6-year terms[13] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the President, who has a term of six years, as well as the support of the State Duma, which has a term of five years |
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Captain-Regent | Unlimited non-consecutive 6-month terms, but an outgoing Captain Regent of San Marino must wait for a minimum of three years until they can be elected again | ||
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Assembly, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms[14] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Council, which has a term of four years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Assembly, which has a term of four years |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Congress of Deputies, which has a term of four years |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Riksdag, which has a term of four years |
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President of the Confederation | Unlimited non-consecutive 1-year terms | Federal Council | Unlimited 4-year terms |
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President | Two 5-year terms[15] | Grand National Assembly of Turkey | Unlimited 5-year terms |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the House of Commons, which has a term of five years |
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President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Verkhovna Rada, which has a term of five years |
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Pope | Lifetime term | Cardinal Secretary of State | No set term, he holds office as long as the pope who appointed him is in office/dismissed by the Pope/opts to retire |
Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church | Papal appointment, appointee holds office while Pope who appointed them is in office/dismissed by the Pope/opts to retire | |||
Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State | No set term, he holds office as long as the pope who appointed him is in office/dismissed by the Pope/opts to retire | |||
Dean of the College of Cardinals | Two 5-year terms/dismissed by the Pope/opts to retire | |||
College of Cardinals | Lifetime term; voting rights last until 80 years of age |
Oceania
[edit]Country | Head of state | Other | ||
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Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the House of Representatives, which has a term of three years |
Governor-General | No term limits, but traditionally serve for one 5-year term | |||
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President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms |
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President | Two 3-year terms | Prime Minister | Unlimited 4-year terms |
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President | Three 4-year terms | Vice President | Three 4-year terms |
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President | Two 4-year terms | ||
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the House of Representatives, which has a term of three years |
Governor-General | No term limits, but traditionally serve for one 5-year term | |||
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President | Two 3-year terms | ||
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President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Parliament, which has a term of five years |
Governor-General | Two 6-year terms | |||
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Chief of State | Two 5-year terms since 2019. Before 2019, the number of 5-year terms was unlimited; however, the first officeholder served for life | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the National Parliament, which has a term of four years |
Governor-General | Two 5-year terms | |||
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms |
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Monarch | No set terms (hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the Tuvaluan Parliament, which has a term of four years |
Governor-General | No term limits | |||
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President | One 5-year term | Prime Minister | No directly set terms; however, they must maintain the support of the ni-Vanuatu Parliament, which has a term of four years |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "El Tribunal Constitucional de Bolivia anula la reelección indefinida e inhabilita a Evo Morales para las elecciones de 2025". BBC News Mundo. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ^ "Nicaragua backs unlimited presidential terms". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
- ^ Constitution of the Russian Federation, Chapter 4, Article 81.3: "One and the same person may not be elected President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms"
- ^ Section 6 of Article 2 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China
- ^ Two consecutive six-year terms from 1947 to 1994 under Article 47 of the Constitution of the Republic of China, but unlimited six-year terms from 1960 to 1991 as superseded by the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion
- ^ Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China
- ^ Articles 33 and 59 of the Local Government Act
- ^ Articles 55, 56, and 57 of the Local Government Act
- ^ "Tajikistan parliament paves way for president to rule for life". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 22 January 2016. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ^ "Turks back direct president poll". BBC NEWS. 21 October 2007.
- ^ Constitution of Finland, Chapter 5, Section 54: "The same person may be elected President for no more than two consecutive terms of office"
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, Article 80.4: "No person may discharge the duties of the President of the Republic of Moldova unless for two consecutive mandates at the most"
- ^ Constitution of the Russian Federation, Chapter 4, Article 81.3: "One and the same person may not be elected President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms"
- ^ Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Article 103.2: "The same person may be elected President for not more than two consecutive terms"
- ^ "Turks back direct president poll". BBC NEWS. 21 October 2007.