Jump to content

Verghese Kurien

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Verghese Kurien
Kurien in 2009
Born(1921-11-26)26 November 1921
Calicut, Madras Presidency, British India (now Kozhikode, Kerala, India)
Died9 September 2012(2012-09-09) (aged 90)
Nadiad, Gujarat, India
NationalityIndian
Alma mater
Occupation(s)dairy engineer
social entrepreneur
EmployerAmul
Organisations
Known forWhite Revolution in India
AwardsRamon Magsaysay Award (1964)
Padma Shri (1965)
Padma Bhushan (1966)
World Food Prize (1989)
Order of Agricultural Merit (1997)
Padma Vibhushan (1999)
Websitewww.drkurien.com

Verghese Kurien (26 November 1921 – 9 September 2012) was an Indian dairy engineer and social entrepreneur. He led initiatives that contributed to the extensive increase in milk production in India termed as the White Revolution.

Kurien graduated in physics from the University of Madras in 1940 and received his masters in mechanical engineering from the Michigan State University in 1947. In 1949, Kurien was sent by the Government of India to run its experimental creamery at Anand, where he set up the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union in 1950 which later became Amul. Amul organised the dairy farmers in the villages as a part of cooperatives and linked them to the milk consumers directly. The dairy cooperatives were successful in increasing the milk production as consumers paid in cash directly to the dairy farmers, who controlled the procurement, processing, and marketing of milk and milk products as the owners of the cooperative.

In 1965, Kurien as appointed as the head of the newly formed National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), which was established to replicate the Anand co-operative scheme nationwide. In 1979, he established a management institute at Anand, which was aimed at training managers involved in managing the milk cooperatives. Kurien helped set up similar cooperatives across India which made dairy farming one of the largest self-sustaining industries and employment generators in rural areas. This led to a multi-fold increase in milk output over the next few decades and helped India become the world's largest milk producer in 1998. For his contributions in increasing the dairy output, Kurian is known as the "Father of the White Revolution" in India. The co-operative model was later applied successfully to other agricultural industries such as the production of edible oils.

He was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1964 and the World Food Prize in 1989. In 1999, he received the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honour. He was conferred the Order of Agricultural Merit by the French Government in 1997.

Early life and education[edit]

Kurien was born on 26 November 1921 in Calicut, Madras Presidency, British India (now Kozhikode, Kerala, India) in a Malayali Anglican Christian family.[1] His father P. K. Kurien was a government civil surgeon.[2] Kurien did his schooling at Diamond Jubilee Higher Secondary School at Gobichettipalayam, where his father worked at the government hospital there.[3] He graduated in physics from Loyola College affiliated to the University of Madras in 1940 and received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the College of Engineering, Guindy in 1943.[4][5]

Kurien's father died when he was 22 years old and he moved to Trichur under the tutelage of his maternal grand-uncle Cherian Matthai.[2] He wanted to join the Indian army as an engineer but instead joined the Tata Steel Technical Institute in Jamshedpur as per the wishes of his mother from where he graduated in 1946.[4][6]

Kurien applied for a scholarship provided by the Government of India and chose to study dairy engineering. He was sent to the Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry in Bangalore where he spent nine months before being sent to the United States on a government scholarship.[4] He graduated with a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan in 1948.[7][8][9] Kurien had stated that though he was sent on a government scholarship to study dairy engineering, he studied metallurgical and nuclear engineering, disciplines which were likely to be of far greater use to the soon-to-be independent India and to himself.[10] He went to Australia, where he learnt dairying, which would help him set up the Amul dairy later.[11]

Career[edit]

Early years[edit]

In 1949, Kurien was sent by the government of India to its experimental creamery at Anand in Bombay province (current Gujarat) on a five year term as an officer in the dairy division.[4] He spent the weekends in Bombay, where he volunteered to help Tribhuvandas Patel with modifying the dairy equipment used for processing the milk procured from the local farmers.[12] Earlier in 1946, Patel had setup a cooperative at Kaira. It was formed as a response to the exploitation of small dairy farmers by traders and agents, who set arbitrary milk prices on behalf of Polson, which had an effective monopoly in milk collection from Kaira.[13] Kurien wanted to quit the government job and leave Anand but was persuaded by Patel to stay with him and help with his dairy cooperative.[14][15]

Developing Amul[edit]

Kurien (left) with Tribhuvandas Patel (centre) and H. M. Dalaya at Anand

Kurien developed the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Limited (KDCMPUL) further which later became Amul.[16] Milk collection was decentralised and was directly procured from the farmers at villages as a part of the cooperatives.[17][18][19] Kurien and Patel were supported by then Home minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who sent Morarji Desai to help organise the dairy farmers.[20] Kurien and Tribhuvandas Patel worked on the belief that economic self-interest of all sections of the village-society would make them align together to grow their cooperative and remove caste or class conflicts.[21] The cooperative dairying venture became popular and started attracting interest nationally.[22][23]

In 1956, Kurien visited Nestle in Switzerland at their invitation but with special instructions from then commerce and industries minister. Nestle was importing milk powder, sugar and other materials required to produce condensed milk in India. Kurien asked Nestle to reduce the imports to India, to try manufacturing condensed milk with buffalo milk procured locally and to engage more Indians in the production process. He was met with a refusal stating that the natives would not be able to handle the technology involved in the condensed milk production.[24][25] On returning, he increased the production of condensed milk at Amul, the import of which was banned by Government of India two years later.[26] H. M. Dalaya, who studied dairy engineering with Kurien at the US, was persuaded by Kurien to work with him at Anand.[27][28] He helped develop an indigenous process of making skimmed milk powder and condensed milk from buffalo milk, which had a higher proportion of milk solids and increased its economic value.[29] In India, buffalo milk was plentiful while cow milk was in short supply.[30] With the production of condensed milk and baby food from Buffalo milk, Amul competed successfully against Nestle and later against Glaxo.[31][32]

Then Prime minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru also cut imports of butter in steps with Kurien promising and delivering an incremental increase of his production to eliminate the dependency on imported butter, especially from New Zealand.[33] During the Sino-Indian War in 1962, production had to be diverted to the Indian armed forces which led Polson to gain market share. Kurien lobbied with the government to freeze Polson's production lines, as part of the war effort.[34] Later research by G. H. Wilster led to cheese production from buffalo milk at Amul.[35]

Nationwide expansion[edit]

Kurien with then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964

When then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri visited Anand to inaugurate Amul's cattle feed factory in October 1964, he interacted with the dairy farmers about their cooperative. In 1965, Shastri tasked Kurien to replicate the dairy's Anand scheme nationwide, for which the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was founded.[36] The board was led by Kurien on conditions that it be independent of governmental control and that it be set up at Anand, away from the capital cities and closer to farmers.[37] Kurien negotiated with donors like the UNICEF for aid to develop the cooperatives. He opposed countries which lobbied against him stating that he wanted to "convert aid into trade" as contrary to his idea of making India self-sufficient in milk production.[38]

Kurien used the proceeds to encourage the movement of high-yield native cattle to urban areas and set up milk sheds and dairy farms nationwide to stabilize the dairy markets of big cities.[39] The Anand model was replicated across Gujarat and Kurien brought all of them under the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) in 1973 to sell their products under a single Amul brand on the 25th anniversary of establishment.[40] Other states emulated setting up similar federations based on this scheme. In 1979, he established the Institute of Rural Management at Anand, which is engaged in training managers involved in the milk cooperatives.[4]

Consolidation and self-sufficiency[edit]

In the 1990s, he lobbied and fought hard to keep multinational companies from entering the dairy business even as the country opened up due to liberalisation in 1991.[41] India became the world's largest milk producer by 1998, surpassing the United States and contributed to about 17 percent of global output in 2010–11.[42] In 1998, he persuaded then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to appoint Amrita Patel as his successor at NDDB, whom he had groomed under him to protect NDDB's independence from the government.[43] Later, he had differences with her on the policies of Amul. While she was focused on production and yield targets with certain functions such as marketing handed over to private, Kurien felt that the arrangement would weaken the cooperative institutions of the country.[44] He resigned from the position of chairman of GCMMF in 2006 after limited support from the governing board.[45][46]

Other work[edit]

Kurien replicated the co-operative model in other agricultural industries like the production of fruits and vegetables, oil seeds and edible oil.[47][48][49] In 1979, then Premier of Soviet Union Alexei Kosygin visited Anand and invited Kurien to the Soviet Union.[50] In 1982, Pakistan invited him to set up dairy cooperatives, where he led a World Bank mission. In 1989, China implemented a similar programme with the help of Kurien and the World Food Programme. Later, he helped set up dairy cooperatives in Sri Lanka in collaboration with NDDB.[51] He also served as the chairman of Tribhuvandas Foundation, a NGO which worked on women and child health in Kheda district.[52]

Death[edit]

Kurien died from an illness at the age of 90 on 9 September 2012 at Nadiad near Anand.[53][54][55] He had a wife Molly and a daughter, Nirmala.[7][56] Kurien was brought up as a Christian before becoming an atheist.[57][58]

Awards and honours[edit]

Year Award or honor Awarding organization
1963 Ramon Magsaysay Award[59] Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation
1965 Padma Shri[60] Government of India
1966 Padma Bhushan[61] Government of India
1986 Krishi Ratna[62] Government of India
1986 Wateler Peace Prize[63] Carnegie Foundation
1989 World Food Prize[63] World Food Prize Foundation
1993 International Person of the Year[64] World Dairy Expo
1997 Order of Agricultural Merit[63] Ministry of Agriculture, France
1999 Padma Vibhushan[65] Government of India
2000 Regional Award[63] Asian Productivity Organization

Kurien was bestowed with multiple honorary degrees including degrees by the Michigan State University and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.[4] Kurien either headed or was on the boards of several public institutions and received honorary doctorate degrees from universities worldwide.[66][67] Kurien was also awarded the Godfrey Phillips Bravery Award for social bravery.[68]

Books and publications[edit]

  • Kurien, Verghese (2005) I Too Had a Dream. APH Publishing Corp. ISBN 978-8-17436-407-4
  • Kurien, Verghese (1997) An Unfinished Dream. Tata-McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07462-214-8
  • Kurien, Verghese (2012) The Man Who Made The Elephant Dance ISBN 978-9-38229-924-0

In popular culture[edit]

Kurien's birthday, 26 November is celebrated as National Milk Day in India.[69][70] The model pioneered by Kurien is included in academia and memorial lectures are often held.[71][72]

Filmmaker Shyam Benegal wanted to make Manthan, a film story based on Amul but had no financial backing. The movie was later made from financial contribution made from member-farmers of co-operatives who contributed two rupees each and was released in 1976.[4][73] A veterinarian, a milk technician, and a fodder specialist toured the country along with the screening of the film to persuade farmers to form cooperatives of their own with UNDP using the movie to start similar cooperatives in Latin America.[74] and screened it in Africa.[75]

Kurien's supported the "Amul girl" advertisement campaign which is one of the longest running campaigns in India and Surabhi, a television series on Indian culture.[76][77][78]

In 2013, Amar Chitra Katha published the comic book Verghese Kurien: The Man with the Billion Litre idea.[4][79][56]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kamath, M. V. (1996). Milkman from Anand: The Story of Verghese Kurien. Konark Publishers. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-8-12200-413-7.
  2. ^ a b Kurien, Verghese (27 December 2012). "1. Early Years". I Too Had a Dream. Roli Books Private Limited. p. 56. ISBN 978-81-7436-885-0.
  3. ^ Madhavan, E. (1 May 2014). "Kurien visits Erode". Industrial Economist. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Verghese Kurien: Father of the White Revolution". Hindustan Times. 16 December 2019. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  5. ^ "India's Oldest Engineering College Turns 225: 6 Alumni Who Have Made Guindy Proud!". The Better India. 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  6. ^ Bhagat, Rasheeda (13 September 2012). "Doodh ka doodh... Kurien style". Business Line. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  7. ^ a b Yardley, William (10 September 2012). "Verghese Kurien, Leader of India's Milk Cooperatives, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  8. ^ "Dr Verghese Kurien – From mechanical engineer to milkman". Daily News and Analysis. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  9. ^ "The man who revolutionised white". The Hindu. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  10. ^ Jean Dreze (22 September 2018). Economic Growth and Social development (PDF) (Report). XLRI. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  11. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-07463-160-7.
  12. ^ "Amul remembers Tribhuvandas on his birth anniversary". Indian Cooperative. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  13. ^ George, Shanti (1985). Operation Flood: An Appraisal of Current Indian Dairy Policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19561-679-8. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  14. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  15. ^ Misra, Udit (10 September 2012). "V. Kurien: India's White Knight". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  16. ^ "Dr. V. Kurien". Amul. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  17. ^ "Dr Kurien" (PDF). Indian Daily Association. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  18. ^ Upendra Kachru (2011). India Land of a Billion Entrepreneurs. Pearson PLC. p. 66. ISBN 978-8-13175-861-8.
  19. ^ Thapar, Romila (2001). "Seminar, Issues 497–508". Seminar.
  20. ^ Suhrud, Tridip (8 April 2006). "The magic of manthan". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  21. ^ Esman, Milton J.; Uphoff, Norman T. (1982). Local Organization and Rural Development: The State of the Art (PDF). USAID (Report). Cornell University. p. 47, 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  22. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 85–127. ISBN 978-0-07463-160-7.
  23. ^ Report of the National Dairy Research Institute (Report No, 21) (PDF). 1961. p. 48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  24. ^ Peter Utting (2015). Social and Solidarity: Economy Beyond the Fringe. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-78360-346-6.
  25. ^ "Amul brand builder Verghese Kurien: The man who turned India into largest milk producer". The Economic Times. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  26. ^ "The Unfinished Dream Behind Amul's Foray into the Chocolate Industry". The Wire. 18 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  27. ^ Thomas Carter. "An Improbable Dream Verghese Kurien was a transformational leader". India dairy. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  28. ^ White revolution (PDF) (Report). Industrial Economist. 18 December 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  29. ^ Kurien, Verghese (2007). "India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations". In Narayan, Deepa; Glinskaya, Elena (eds.). Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work. Washington D.C., USA: The World Bank. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-82136-876-3. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2021. If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of skim milk powder out of buffalo milk. The man who made this possible and who had the foresight to defy the prevailing technical wisdom was H. M. Dalaya.
  30. ^ "Seeking equity for dairy farmers in India was lifelong legacy". Michigan State University. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  31. ^ Gurucharan Gollerkeri; Renuka Raja Rao (2024). The Making of India, 1947-2022: Pivotal People, Events, and Institutions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-52756-141-0.
  32. ^ Damodaran, Harish (13 September 2004). "Amul's tech wizard, Dalaya passes away". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  33. ^ Sharma, Arvind (15 September 2012) (15 September 2012). "A Few More Dr. Kuriens Please!". Indian Television. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Kurien, Verghese; Salve, Gouri (2012). I too had a Dream. (Roli Books). p. 84. ISBN 978-8-17436-885-0.
  35. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-07463-160-7.
  36. ^ Pandit, Shrinivas (2001). Thought Leaders. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-0-07049-550-0.
  37. ^ Dasgupta, Manas (9 September 2012). "Kurien strode like a titan across the bureaucratic barriers and obstacles". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  38. ^ Civilization Follows the Cow (PDF) (Report). UNICEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  39. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 110–117. ISBN 978-0-07463-160-7.
  40. ^ Gupta, Sharad. "Remembering Verghese Kurien – India's first milkman". Business Line. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  41. ^ Candler, Wilfred; Kumar, Nalini (1998). India: The Dairy Revolution : the Impact of Dairy Development in India and the World Bank's Contribution. World Bank (Operations Evaluation Department). pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-0-82134-289-3.
  42. ^ "India largest milk producing nation in 2010–11: NDDB". The Hindustan Times. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  43. ^ Pandit, Shrinivas (1 August 2007). The Missionary: Amrita Patel. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-07065-678-9.
  44. ^ Katakam, Anupama (15 March 2003). "Dairy war". Frontline. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  45. ^ Katakam, Anupama (7 April 2006). "Controversy: Milkman's exit". Frontline. Vol. 23, no. 6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  46. ^ Mahurkar, Uday (17 April 2006). "A White Evolution: Verghese Kurien quits Gujarat co-operative, diary [sic] body faces politicking risk". India Today. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  47. ^ Aneja, R. P. (11 September 2012). "Life and times of Verghese Kurien". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  48. ^ Singh, Chamder Uday (15 January 1982). "Gujarat: Taking on the oil kings". India Today. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  49. ^ Jones, Clayton (30 July 1982). "Farming co-ops poised to come of age in the '80s". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  50. ^ M. V. Kamath (1989). Management Kurien-style: The Story of the White Revolution. Konark Publishers. p. 238, 239. ISBN 978-8-12200-100-6.
  51. ^ "Verghese Kurien – Showing The Milky Way". Lokmarg. 7 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  52. ^ "Amul remembers Tribhuvandas on his birth anniversary". Indian Cooperative. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  53. ^ "Kurien didn't drink milk, he lived it". The Telegraph. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  54. ^ "Modi had soured relations with the milkman of India". The Times of India. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  55. ^ Thakkar, Mitul; Sally, Madhvi (15 September 2012). "Gujarat Elections 2012: Narendra Modi wastes no time in tapping over 1/3 of Gujarat's 3.5 crore Amul voters". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  56. ^ a b Pandit, Virendra (26 November 2013). "Amar Chitra Katha unveils comics on Kurien; plans on Dhyanchand, KD Jadhav". Business Line. Archived from the original on 11 May 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  57. ^ "He was an atheist, religion played no part in his life, says Kurien's daughter". The Indian Express. 27 November 2018. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  58. ^ "He Was An Atheist, Says Verghese Kurien's Daughter On Conversion Charge". NDTV. 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  59. ^ "Kurien, Verghese • Community Leadership – India – 1963". The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  60. ^ "Padma Shri, 1965". Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  61. ^ "Padma Bhushan, 1965". Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  62. ^ "Dr Kurien" (PDF). Indian Dairy Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  63. ^ a b c d "Dr. Verghese Kurien – The World Food Prize". World Food Prize. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  64. ^ "Recognition award prograame". World Dairy Expo. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  65. ^ "Padma Awards, 1999". Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  66. ^ Indian Dairy Association. "The Legend Lives On" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  67. ^ Verghese Kurien. "Dr. Verghese Kurien: Honorary Degrees". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  68. ^ "Godfrey Phillips Bravery Award (Social Bravery) for KIIT & KISS Founder". Achyuta Samanta. 21 September 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  69. ^ "National Milk Day on Kurien's birth anniversary". The Times of India. 25 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  70. ^ "Verghese Kurien's birth anniv to be held as National Milk Day". Daily Pioneer. 25 November 2014. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  71. ^ Second Dr. Verghese Kurien Memorial Lecture – 2013 (PDF) (Report). Institute of Rural management, Anand. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  72. ^ "Arvind Subramanian moots 'Amul model' for pulses". Business Standard. 21 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  73. ^ Benegal, Shyam (As told to Mugdha Variyar) (9 September 2012). "How a farmers' servant painted the nation white". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  74. ^ "Amul's Verghese Kurien never suffered fools: Shyam Benegal". The Economic Times. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  75. ^ Rodrigo, Nihal (6 January 2002). "Cinema, Benegal and Reality". The Island. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  76. ^ Hazra, Indrajit (1 July 2012). "Jest like that: Girl with the Amul tattoo". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  77. ^ Sreenivas (1 November 2013). "The Moppet Show". Creative Brands. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  78. ^ Bhatt, Shephali (2 September 2017). "The unplanned glory of Surabhi". Economic Times. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  79. ^ Ramnath, Nandini (30 November 2013). "Lounge Loves | Amar Chitra Katha". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

Further reading[edit]

  • Kotler, Neil G. (1990). Sharing Innovation: Global Perspectives on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Development. Int. Rice Res. Inst. ISBN 978-9-71104-221-9.
  • Kachru, Upendra (2011). India, Land of a Billion Entrepreneurs. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-8-13175-861-8.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verghese_Kurien&oldid=1232900913"