Foreign relations of Australia
Foreign relations of Australia are influenced by its position as a leading trading nation and as a significant donor of humanitarian aid. Australia's foreign policy is guided by a commitment to multilateralism and regionalism, as well as to build strong bilateral relations with its allies. Key concerns include free trade, terrorism, refugees, economic co-operation with Asia and stability in the Indo-Pacific. Australia is active in the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations. Given its history of starting and supporting important regional and global initiatives, it has been described as a regional middle power par excellence.[1]
It maintains significant ties with ASEAN and has become steadfastly allied with New Zealand, through long-standing ties dating back to the 1800s. The country also has a longstanding alliance with the United States of America. Over recent decades Australia has sought to strengthen its relationship with Asian countries, with this becoming the focus of the country's network of diplomatic missions.[2][3][4][5][6][7] In 2021, Australia signed a significant security partnership with the United Kingdom and the United States of America (AUKUS) aimed at upholding security in the Indo-Pacific region.
History
[edit]Before the Second World War, Australia saw its economic and military security assured by being a loyal dominion of the British Empire and generally sought to align its diplomatic policies with those of the British Government. Although Australia, like other British Dominions, was a signatory to the Treaty of Versailles and a member of the League of Nations, the British Government handled most of Australia's diplomatic exchanges outside the Empire.[8] The approach of the Second World War saw the first steps by Australia in establishing its own diplomatic network, particularly with economically and politically important countries of the Pacific Rim. The first accredited diplomat sent to a foreign country was Richard Casey, appointed as the first Minister to the United States in January 1940.[9] This was followed shortly after by the arrival of the first Australian high commissioner to Canada,[10] and by appointments of Ministers to Japan in 1940 and China in 1941. With the entry of Japan into the war in December 1941 and the consequent heightened vulnerability of Australia to attack, a critical decision was made by the Curtin Government to more closely seek the military protection of the United States. Since that time, United States has been the most important security ally. The close security relationship with the United States was formalized in 1951 by the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security (ANZUS) Treaty which remains the cornerstone of Australian security arrangements.
During and after the Second World War, and in parallel with the evolution of the British Empire to the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia progressively took responsibility for fully managing its foreign relations with other states. Australia concluded an agreement in 1944 with New Zealand dealing with the security, welfare, and advancement of the people of the dependent territories of the Pacific (the ANZAC pact).[11] Australia was one of the founders of the United Nations (1945) and the South Pacific Commission (1947), and in 1950, it proposed the Colombo Plan to assist developing countries in Asia. After the war, Australia played a role in the Far Eastern Commission in Japan and supported Indonesian independence during that country's revolt against the Dutch (1945–49).[12]
As the Cold War deepened, Australia aligned itself fully with the Western Powers. In addition to contributing to UN forces in the Korean War – it was the first country to announce it would do so after the United States – Australia sent troops to assist in putting down the communist revolt in Malaya in 1948–60 and later to combat the Indonesian-supported invasion of Sarawak in 1963–65.[13] Australia sent troops to repel communism and assist South Vietnamese and American forces in the Vietnam War, in a move that stirred up antiwar activism at home.[14] Australia has been active in the Five Eyes intelligence alliance, and in the Australia – New Zealand – United Kingdom agreement and the Five Power Defence Arrangement—successive arrangements with Britain and New Zealand to ensure the security of Singapore and Malaysia.
After the end of the Cold War, Australia remained an important contributor to UN peacekeeping missions and to other multilateral security missions, often in alliance with the United States. Notably, it joined coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War in 1991, the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021), the Iraq War of 2003-2011 and the War in Iraq (2013-2017). In 1999 Australian peace keeping forces intervened in East Timor following its referendum to secede from Indonesia. In 2006 Australia sent a contingent of Australian troops to the state to assist in the 2006 East Timor crisis.[15] Australia has also most recently led security assistance, peacekeeping and policing missions elsewhere in its neighbourhood, including in the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and Tonga.
In the late 20th Century and early 21st Century, a new element in Australia's foreign relations was the growing relationship with the People's Republic of China. After the establishment of diplomatic relations in December 1972, Sino-Australian relations grew rapidly, to a point where China became Australia's main trading partner and extensive official and people-to-people links were well established. In the first 15 years of the 21st Century, Australia maintained privileged relations with both the United States and China. Since 2017, Sino-Australian relations have deteriorated dramatically, as a result of Australian criticism of policies and actions taken under General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping. This has strongly influenced recent Australian bilateral and multi-lateral engagements such as the Pacific Step-Up with Pacific Island states, the development of comprehensive strategic partnerships with a number of regional states, and the pursuit of alliances directed at countering Chinese predominance in the Indo-Pacific region. Since 2017, existing security arrangements have been augmented by a revived Quadrilateral Security Dialogue involving India, Japan and United States, the 2021 AUKUS security partnership with the United States and United Kingdom and the 2022 Australia-Japan Reciprocal Access Agreement, which provides for closer Australian-Japanese cooperation on defence and humanitarian operations.
International agencies, treaties, and agreements
[edit]Membership of international organizations and groupings
[edit]One of the drafters of the UN Charter, Australia has given firm support to the United Nations system. Australia held the first Presidency of the Security Council in 1946 and provided the first military observers under UN auspices a year later, to Indonesia. It has been a member of the Security Council a further four times, in 1956–57, 1973–74, 1986–87 and 2013–14.[16] It has been regularly elected a member of the Economic and Social Council most recently for 2020–22, a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2018-20 and its predecessor the UN Commission on Human Rights in the 1990s. Australia takes a prominent part in many other UN activities, including peacekeeping, disarmament negotiations, and narcotics control. In September 1999, acting under a UN Security Council mandate, Australia led an international coalition to restore order in East Timor upon Indonesia's withdrawal from that territory. Australia has also been closely engaged in international development cooperation and humanitarian assistance through the Specialized agencies, Funds and Programmes and Regional Commissions of the United Nations and major International Financial Institutions, in particular the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
Australia is a member of the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the APEC forum. It is active in meetings of the Commonwealth Heads of Government, the Pacific Islands Forum and other Pacific Islands regional organizations and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. It has been a leader in the Cairns Group – countries pressing for agricultural trade reform in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations. Australia is also a member of MIKTA, an informal and diverse middle power partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia, led by its foreign ministers, which seeks to promote an effective, rules-based global order.
Australia has devoted particular attention in the early 21st century to promoting regional architecture centred around the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), to support dialogue on political, security and economic challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. Australia is an active participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and the ASEAN sponsored East Asia Summit. Australia's place at the 2005 inaugural summit was only secured after it agreed to reverse its policy and accede to ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia. Australia had been reluctant to sign the treaty out of concerns regarding how it would affect Australia's obligation under other treaty arrangements including ANZUS.
Security treaties
[edit]Instrument | Countries |
---|---|
Five Power Defence Arrangements | United Kingdom • Australia • New Zealand • Singapore • Malaysia |
ANZUS | Australia • New Zealand (partially suspended) • United States |
ANZUK | Australia • New Zealand • United Kingdom |
Special strategic partnership
[edit]- Japan (as of 2014).[17] Under this partnership, Australia and Japan have established a strong and broad-ranging security relationship under the renewed 2022 Australia-Japan Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation.[18]
Comprehensive strategic partnerships
[edit]Comprehensive strategic partnerships are broad, high level relationships which have increasingly been formalized in the Asia-Pacific region under this description since the early 21st century. They are arrangements which, in general, convey a sense of mutual value, strategic alignment and positive intent to further strengthen ties.[19] They establish the framework for an intensified level of engagement across governments and indicate particularly close bilateral relations. Australia has a formal comprehensive strategic partnership with the following countries and multi-national organizations:
- Singapore (as of 2016)[20]
- Indonesia (as of 2018)[21]
- India (as of 2020)[22]
- Papua New Guinea (as of 2020)[23]
- Malaysia (as of 2021)[24]
- South Korea (as of 2021)[25]
- ASEAN (as of 2021)[26]
- Vietnam (as of 2024)[27]
In 2014, the Australian Prime Minister and Chinese President agreed to describe the relationship as a "comprehensive strategic partnership", and this helped facilitate an extensive program of engagement. This partnership went into dormancy, particularly from 2020, but is being gradually revived with the improvement of relations since 2023.[28]
Trade
[edit]Overall Australia's largest trading partners are the United States, South Korea, Japan, China, and the United Kingdom. Australia currently has bilateral Free Trade Agreements with New Zealand, the United States, Thailand and Singapore as of 2007 and the United Kingdom as of 2021. As well as this, Australia is in the process undertaking studies on Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN, China, Chile, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
- Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–China Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
- Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–Fiji Free Trade Agreement
Armaments
[edit]To bolster its foreign policy, Australia maintains a very well-equipped military, According to SIPRI, Australia is the fourth largest importer of major weapons in the world.[29] The US supplied 60 per cent of Australia's imports and Spain 29 per cent.[30] All armed services have received new major arms in 2014–18, but mainly aircraft and ships. The F-35 combat aircraft and antisubmarine warfare aircraft from the USA made up 53 per cent of Australian arms imports in 2014–18, while ships from Spain accounted for 29 per cent. Large deliveries for additional aircraft and ships are outstanding.[30]
Australia is modernising its armed forces but also acquiring weapons that significantly increase its long-range capabilities. Among the weapons imported in 2010–14 were 5 tanker aircraft and the first of 2 amphibious assault ships from Spain, along with 2 large transport aircraft and 4 airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft from the USA. Australia also received 26 combat aircraft from the US, with 82 more on order (see box 3), as well as 8 anti-submarine warfare aircraft from the US and 3 Hobart destroyers from Spain. Australia's imports of major weapons increased 37 percent between 2010 and 2014 and 2014–18, making it the fourth largest importer in the world according to SIPRI.[30]
In 2021, after Australia ended its 20-year military mission in Afghanistan, the defence officials held formal talks on strengthening military ties with the United Arab Emirates. However, the human rights groups said that it was "very concerning" to witness, as the Emirates was accused of carrying out "unlawful attacks" in war-torn nations like Libya and Yemen.[31]
In December 2021, Australia signed a defence procurement deal with South Korea worth $1billion AUD (US$720 million) for modern artillery, supply trucks and radars supplied by South Korean defense company Hanwha. The South Korean President Moon Jae-in and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison met for the signing of the agreement and additionally announced they were formally upgrading the Australian-South Korean relationship to a "comprehensive strategic partnership."[32]
International aid
[edit]According to the Australian think tank Lowy Institute, Australia is the Pacific region's largest development partner, disbursing A$17 billion worth of international aid between 2008 and 2021, accounting for 40% of the region's overseas development finance (ODF). Australian international aid in the Pacific exceeded other regional partners including the Asian Development Bank, China, New Zealand and Japan. Between 2019 and 2021, Australian's overseas development finance in the Pacific rose from A$1.34 billion in 2019 to A$1.89 billion in 2021.[33]
In May 2024, RNZ reported that the Albanese Government had slightly increased Australia's foreign aid budget by four percent, bringing its total 2024-2025 aid o A$4.961 billion budget. In August 2023, the Government had released its new international development strategy, which promised new country, gender, disability and humanitarian aid strategies.[34]
Diplomatic relations
[edit]As of 2011, Australia had established formal diplomatic relations with all members of the United Nations as well as the Holy See, Kosovo, Cook Islands and (in 2014) Niue. In many cases, diplomatic relations are maintained on a non-resident basis, with the Australian ambassador or high commissioner based in another country. Since 2012, diplomatic relations have been effectively suspended with the Syrian Arab Republic, with no diplomatic accreditation by either country maintained, but consular relations continue.[35] In the case of Afghanistan, following the Taliban takeover in 2021, diplomatic relations are in an ambiguous status with Australia "temporarily" closing its embassy in Kabul and not recognizing the Islamic Emirate government but maintaining the credentials of the embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Canberra.[36] A number of Canadian missions provide consular assistance to Australians in countries in Africa where Australia does not maintain an office (and Australia reciprocates this arrangement for Canada in some other countries) through the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement.[37]
Due to the One China Policy of the People's Republic of China, the Australian Office in Taiwan (formerly the Australian Commerce and Industry Office) unofficially represents Australia's interest in Taiwan, serving a function similar to other Australian Consulates.
List
[edit]List of countries which Australia maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | United Kingdom | March 1936[38] |
2 | Canada | 2 November 1939[39] |
3 | United States | 8 January 1940[40] |
4 | Japan | 17 August 1940[41] |
5 | India | 7 March 1941[42] |
6 | Netherlands | 16 April 1942[43] |
7 | Russia | 10 October 1942[44] |
8 | New Zealand | 27 February 1943[45] |
9 | France | 13 December 1944[46] |
10 | Brazil | 7 June 1945[47] |
11 | Chile | 27 December 1945[48] |
12 | Philippines | 4 July 1946[49] |
13 | South Africa | August 1946[50] |
14 | Ireland | 15 October 1946[51] |
15 | Sri Lanka | 29 April 1947[52] |
16 | Norway | 23 June 1947[53] |
17 | Pakistan | 15 August 1947[54] |
18 | Denmark | 12 September 1947[55][56] |
19 | Belgium | 10 October 1947[57] |
20 | Uruguay | 15 December 1948[58] |
21 | Israel | 29 January 1949[59] |
22 | Indonesia | 5 March 1949[60] |
23 | Finland | 31 May 1949[61] |
24 | Italy | 24 November 1949[62] |
25 | Egypt | 9 March 1950[63] |
26 | Cambodia | 15 January 1952[64] |
27 | Laos | 16 January 1952[65] |
28 | Germany | 28 January 1952[66] |
29 | Austria | October 1952[67] |
30 | Thailand | 19 December 1952[68] |
31 | Greece | 30 March 1953[69] |
32 | Myanmar | 1 August 1953[70] |
33 | Malaysia | 31 August 1957[71] |
34 | Ghana | 21 February 1958[72] |
35 | Argentina | 10 December 1959[73] |
36 | Nepal | 15 February 1960[74] |
37 | Portugal | 4 August 1960[75] |
38 | Nigeria | 1 October 1960[76][77] |
39 | Switzerland | 3 June 1961[78] |
40 | South Korea | October 1961[79] |
41 | Tanzania | 12 May 1962[80] |
42 | Peru | 1 March 1963[81] |
43 | Sweden | 1963[82] |
44 | Malta | 21 September 1964[83] |
45 | Singapore | 18 August 1965[84] |
46 | Kenya | 23 August 1965[85] |
47 | Uganda | 23 August 1965[85] |
48 | Ethiopia | 13 December 1965[86] |
49 | Mexico | 14 March 1966[87] |
50 | Serbia | 25 April 1966[88] |
51 | Lebanon | 5 February 1967[89] |
52 | Turkey | 28 February 1967[90] |
53 | Spain | 26 October 1967[91] |
54 | Romania | 18 March 1968[92] |
55 | Iran | 21 September 1968[93] |
56 | Afghanistan | 30 March 1969[94] |
57 | Luxembourg | 18 September 1970[95] |
58 | Mauritius | 25 September 1970[96] |
59 | Fiji | 10 October 1970[97] |
60 | Tonga | 3 December 1970[98] |
61 | Samoa | 31 March 1971[99] |
62 | Bangladesh | 31 January 1972[100] |
63 | Poland | 20 February 1972[101] |
64 | Bulgaria | 5 April 1972[102] |
65 | Hungary | 6 April 1972[103] |
66 | Bahrain | 24 April 1972[104] |
67 | Zambia | 18 May 1972[105] |
68 | Czech Republic | 18 June 1972[106] |
69 | Mongolia | 15 September 1972[107] |
70 | Nauru | 21 November 1972[108] |
71 | China | 21 December 1972[109] |
72 | Vietnam | 26 February 1973[110] |
— | Holy See | 24 March 1973[111] |
73 | Venezuela | 31 March 1973[112] |
74 | Cyprus | 6 April 1973[113] |
75 | Guyana | 14 May 1973[114] |
76 | Botswana | 9 July 1973[115] |
77 | Eswatini | 9 July 1973[116] |
78 | Lesotho | 9 July 1973[116] |
79 | Iraq | 2 December 1973[117] |
80 | Oman | 18 December 1973[118] |
81 | Jamaica | 6 January 1974[119] |
82 | Bahamas | 7 January 1974[120] |
83 | Barbados | 7 January 1974[121] |
84 | Guatemala | 7 January 1974[122] |
85 | Trinidad and Tobago | 7 January 1974[123] |
86 | Maldives | 25 January 1974[124] |
87 | Sudan | 8 February 1974[125] |
88 | Panama | 20 February 1974[126] |
89 | Kuwait | 1 July 1974[127] |
90 | Algeria | 8 July 1974[128] |
91 | Costa Rica | July 1974[129] |
92 | Madagascar | 22 August 1974[130] |
93 | Ivory Coast | 17 September 1974[131] |
94 | Senegal | 26 September 1974[132] |
95 | Paraguay | 2 December 1974[133] |
96 | Saudi Arabia | 15 December 1974[134] |
97 | North Korea | 31 December 1974[135] |
98 | Colombia | 9 January 1975[136] |
99 | Ecuador | 3 February 1975[137] |
100 | United Arab Emirates | 10 March 1975[138] |
101 | Bolivia | 10 April 1975[139] |
102 | Jordan | 29 April 1975[140] |
103 | Syria | 12 May 1975[140] |
104 | Papua New Guinea | 16 September 1975[141] |
105 | Seychelles | 29 June 1976[142] |
106 | Morocco | 13 July 1976[143] |
107 | Tunisia | 17 February 1977[144] |
108 | Tuvalu | 30 November 1977[145] |
109 | Libya | 4 January 1978[146] |
110 | Solomon Islands | 7 July 1978[147] |
111 | Kiribati | 12 July 1979[148] |
112 | Grenada | 18 December 1979[149] |
113 | Qatar | 1 May 1980[146] |
114 | Zimbabwe | 15 May 1980[150] |
115 | Vanuatu | 30 July 1980[151] |
116 | Yemen | 20 December 1980[146] |
117 | Sierra Leone | 9 October 1981[152] |
118 | Antigua and Barbuda | 17 January 1982[153] |
119 | Belize | 17 January 1982[154] |
120 | Gambia | 15 February 1982[155] |
121 | Mozambique | 11 June 1982[156] |
122 | Dominica | 1982[157] |
123 | Saint Lucia | 1982[158] |
124 | Malawi | 1 July 1983[159] |
125 | Comoros | 27 July 1983[160] |
126 | El Salvador | 5 December 1983[161][162] |
127 | Nicaragua | 5 December 1983[162] |
128 | Brunei | 1 January 1984[163] |
129 | Iceland | 12 February 1984[164] |
130 | Mali | 15 March 1984[165] |
131 | Honduras | 10 July 1984[166] |
132 | Albania | 16 September 1984[167] |
133 | Gabon | 20 October 1984[168] |
134 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 31 January 1986[169] |
135 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1986[170] |
136 | Marshall Islands | 8 July 1987[171] |
137 | Angola | 30 March 1988[172] |
138 | Federated States of Micronesia | 6 July 1988[173] |
139 | Cuba | 31 January 1989[174] |
140 | Latvia | 27 August 1991[175] |
141 | Lithuania | 6 November 1991[176] |
142 | Estonia | 21 November 1991[177] |
143 | Kyrgyzstan | 26 December 1991[178] |
144 | Tajikistan | 26 December 1991[179] |
145 | Uzbekistan | 26 December 1991[180] |
146 | Belarus | 9 January 1992[181] |
147 | Ukraine | 10 January 1992[182] |
148 | Armenia | 15 January 1992[183] |
149 | Slovenia | 5 February 1992[184] |
150 | Croatia | 13 February 1992[185] |
151 | Moldova | 1 April 1992[186] |
152 | Turkmenistan | 14 May 1992[187] |
153 | Azerbaijan | 19 June 1992[188] |
154 | Kazakhstan | 22 June 1992[189] |
155 | Georgia | 16 July 1992[190] |
156 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993[191] |
157 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 7 January 1993[192] |
158 | Eritrea | 24 November 1993[193] |
159 | Namibia | 8 June 1994[194] |
160 | Palau | 1 October 1994[195] |
— | Cook Islands | 1994[196] |
161 | Andorra | 2 March 1995[197] |
162 | San Marino | 13 September 1995[198] |
163 | North Macedonia | 20 October 1995[199] |
164 | Suriname | 19 January 1996[200] |
165 | Dominican Republic | 22 April 1997[201] |
166 | Liechtenstein | 1997[202] |
167 | Haiti | 2000[203] |
168 | Mauritania | 13 December 2001[204] |
169 | Cameroon | 2 March 2002[205] |
170 | East Timor | 20 May 2002[206] |
171 | Bhutan | 14 September 2002[200] |
172 | Chad | 19 December 2005[153] |
173 | Montenegro | 1 September 2006[207] |
174 | Monaco | 3 May 2007[208] |
175 | Rwanda | 9 May 2007[209] |
176 | Burundi | 23 August 2007[153] |
177 | Liberia | 26 September 2008[200] |
178 | Burkina Faso | 13 November 2008[200] |
— | Kosovo | 21 May 2008[210] |
179 | Djibouti | 23 April 2009[209] |
180 | Republic of the Congo | 7 May 2009[200] |
181 | Niger | 7 May 2009[200] |
182 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 8 July 2009[200] |
183 | Togo | 22 July 2009[200] |
184 | Equatorial Guinea | 23 July 2009[200] |
185 | Cape Verde | 22 September 2009[211] |
186 | Central African Republic | 18 January 2010[200] |
187 | Somalia | 20 April 2010[212] |
188 | Benin | 22 September 2010[213] |
189 | Guinea-Bissau | 14 March 2011[153] |
190 | Guinea | 9 September 2011[214] |
191 | South Sudan | 24 September 2011[215] |
192 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2011[216] |
— | Niue | 27 February 2014[217] |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Africa
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Algeria | 8 July 1974[128] |
|
Angola | 30 May 1988[219] |
|
Benin | 11 September 2010[222] | |
Botswana | 9 July 1973[223] |
|
Burkina Faso | 13 November 2008[226] |
|
Burundi | ||
Cape Verde | 22 September 2009[230] |
|
Cameroon | 2 March 2002[231] |
|
Central African Republic | 18 January 2010[233] |
|
Chad | 2007 |
|
Comoros | 27 July 1983[234] |
|
Congo | 7 May 2009[236] |
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2011 |
|
Djibouti |
| |
Egypt | 8 April 1950, severed diplomatic relations from 6 November 1956 to 19 October 1959 | See Australia–Egypt relations
|
Equatorial Guinea | 23 July 2009[244] |
|
Eritrea | 24 November 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1993 when first Eritrea's Ambassador to Australia Mr. Fessehaie Abraham presented his credentials[193]
|
Eswatini | 9 July 1973[223] |
|
Ethiopia | 13 December 1965[247] |
|
Gabon | 20 October 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1984 when Mr. A. R.Taylor, presented his letter of credence as non-resident Ambassador of Australia to Gabon.[168]
|
Gambia | 15 February 1982[257] |
|
Ghana | 6 December 1957 |
|
Guinea |
| |
Guinea-Bissau |
| |
Ivory Coast | 17 September 1974[263] |
|
Kenya | 23 August 1965 | See Australia–Kenya relations
|
Lesotho | 9 July 1973[223] |
|
Liberia | 26 September 2008[272][273] |
|
Libya | 2 January 1978, broke off 19 May 1987, Restored in June 2002 | See Australia–Libya relations
|
Madagascar | 22 August 1974[286] |
|
Malawi | 1 July 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1983 when Mr. I. L. James, the first High Commissioner of Australia to Malawi presented his letters of credentials.[159]
|
Mali | 15 March 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1984 when first non-resident Ambassador of Mali to Australia Mr. Boubacar Toure presented his credentials[165] |
Mauritania | 13 December 2001 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 December 2001.[204]
|
Mauritius | 25 September 1970[96] |
|
Morocco | 13 July 1976[143] |
See Australia–Morocco relations
|
Mozambique | 1 April 1982[295][296] |
|
Namibia | 1990 |
|
Niger | 7 May 2009[300] |
|
Nigeria | 1 October 1960 |
|
Rwanda | 2007 |
|
São Tomé and Príncipe | 8 July 2009[311] |
|
Senegal | 26 September 1974[263] | See Australia–Senegal relations
|
Seychelles | 29 June 1976 |
|
Sierra Leone | 9 October 1981[320] |
|
Somalia | 16 February 1982 |
|
South Africa | 8 May 1946 | See Australia–South Africa relations
|
South Sudan | 24 September 2011 |
|
Sudan | 8 February 1974[335] |
|
Tanzania | 11 May 1962 |
|
Togo | 22 July 2009[343] |
|
Tunisia | 17 February 1977[144] |
|
Uganda | 23 August 1965[266] |
|
Zambia | 1972 |
|
Zimbabwe | 18 April 1980 | See Australia–Zimbabwe relations
|
Americas
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda |
| |
Argentina | 10 December 1959 | See Argentina–Australia relations
|
Bahamas | 7 January 1974 |
|
Barbados | 7 January 1974 | See Australia–Barbados relations
|
Belize | 17 January 1982 |
|
Bolivia | 10 April 1975[361] |
|
Brazil | 7 June 1945 | See Australia–Brazil relations
|
Canada | 12 September 1939 | See Australia–Canada relations
|
Chile | 27 December 1945 | See Australia–Chile relations
|
Colombia | 9 September 1975 | See Australia–Colombia relations
|
Costa Rica | 15 October 1974 |
|
Cuba | 31 January 1989 |
|
Dominica |
| |
Dominican Republic | 22 April 1997 |
|
Ecuador |
| |
El Salvador | 5 December 1983 | See Australia–El Salvador relations
|
Grenada |
| |
Guatemala | 7 January 1974 |
|
Guyana | 7 January 1974 |
|
Haiti | 2000 |
|
Honduras | 10 July 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1984 when Mr. Cavan Hogue, Australian Ambassador presented his credentials to President of Honduras Roberto Suazo Cordova.[166]
|
Jamaica | 7 January 1974 |
|
Mexico | 14 March 1966[392] | See Australia–Mexico relations
|
Nicaragua | 1987 |
|
Panama | 1974 |
|
Paraguay | 30 November 1974 | See Australia–Paraguay relations
|
Peru | 1 March 1963 |
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 6 February 1986 |
|
Saint Lucia | 1982[403] |
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 31 January 1986 |
|
Suriname | 3 February 1994[406] |
|
Trinidad and Tobago | 7 January 1974[357] |
|
United States | 8 January 1940 |
See Australia–United States relations While Australia has emphasised its relationship with the United States since 1942, as Britain's influence in Asia declined. At the governmental level, United-States-Australia relations are formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement.
|
Uruguay | 1948 | See Australia–Uruguay relations
|
Venezuela | 31 May 1973[411] |
|
Asia
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 30 March 1969[417] |
|
Armenia | 15 January 1992 |
See Armenia–Australia relations
|
Azerbaijan | 19 June 1992 | See Australia–Azerbaijan relations
|
Bahrain | 13 April 1987 |
|
Bangladesh | 31 January 1972 | See Australia–Bangladesh relations
|
Bhutan | 14 September 2002[441] |
|
Brunei | 1 January 1984 | See Australia–Brunei relations
|
Cambodia | 15 January 1952 | See Australia–Cambodia relations
|
China | 21 December 1972 | See Australia–China relations
|
Georgia | 16 July 1992 |
|
India | 1941 | See Australia–India relations[469]
|
Indonesia | 17 March 1950 | See Australia–Indonesia relations
|
Iran | 21 September 1968 |
|
Iraq | 2 December 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1973[117]
|
Israel | 11 May 1949 | See Australia–Israel relations
|
Japan | 14 September 1940 (broken from 8 December 1941 to 28 April 1952) | See Australia–Japan relations
Australia-Japan relations are generally warm, substantial and driven by mutual interests, and have expanded beyond strong economic and commercial links to other spheres, including culture, tourism, defence and scientific co-operation. |
Jordan | 28 April 1975 |
|
Kazakhstan | 22 June 1992 |
|
Kuwait | 1 July 1974[127] |
|
Kyrgyzstan |
| |
Laos | 15 January 1952 |
|
Lebanon | 20 February 1967 |
|
Malaysia | 31 August 1957 | See Australia–Malaysia relations
|
Maldives | 25 January 1974 |
|
Mongolia | 15 September 1972[521] |
See Australia–Mongolia relations
|
Myanmar | 1 August 1953 |
|
Nepal | 15 February 1960 |
|
North Korea | 31 December 1974, broken 30 October 1975, Restored 8 May 2000 | See Australia–North Korea relations
Diplomatic relations are stressed due to North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Since October 2006 visas have not been issued for North Korean citizens and North Korean ships have been banned from Australia's ports. Economically, relations are more modest; North Korea ranks 125th in the order of Australia's trade partners, with two-way trade valued between A$6–11 million. On 22 April 2017, North Korea threatened Australia with a nuclear strike. |
Oman | 1981 |
|
Pakistan | 8 March 1948 | See Australia–Pakistan relations
|
Palestine | No diplomatic relations |
|
Philippines | 17 March 1950 | See Australia–Philippines relations
|
Qatar | 1 May 1980 |
|
Saudi Arabia | 15 January 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1974[134]
See Australia–Saudi Arabia relations
|
Singapore | 18 August 1965 | See Australia–Singapore relations
|
South Korea | 30 October 1961 | See Australia–South Korea relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Commonwealth of Australia began in October 1961.[554]
|
Sri Lanka | 4 February 1948 |
|
Syria | 1975 | See Australia–Syria relations
|
Taiwan | 16 September 1941 – 22 December 1972 | See Australia–Taiwan relations
|
Tajikistan |
| |
Thailand | 19 December 1952 | See Australia–Thailand relations
|
Timor-Leste | 20 May 2002 | See Australia–East Timor relations
|
Turkey | 28 February 1967 | See Australia–Turkey relations
|
Turkmenistan | 14 May 1992 |
|
United Arab Emirates | 16 March 1975 | See Australia–United Arab Emirates relations
|
Uzbekistan | 26 December 1991 |
|
Vietnam | 26 February 1973 (with Republic of Vietnam from 15 January 1952 to 5 May 1975) |
|
Yemen | 20 December 1980 with Yemen Arab Republic (June 1984-22 May 1990 with People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) |
|
Europe
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | 15 September 1984 |
|
Andorra | 2 March 1995 | |
Austria | 1952 |
|
Belarus | 9 January 1992[602] |
|
Belgium | 1947 |
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 7 January 1993 |
|
Bulgaria | 5 April 1972 | |
Croatia | 13 February 1992 | See Australia–Croatia relations
Australia gave recognition of Croatia in January 1992
|
Cyprus | 19 April 1973[611] |
|
Czech Republic | 18 June 1972/1 January 1993 |
|
Denmark | 1947 | See Australia–Denmark relations
|
Estonia | 21 November 1991 | See Australia–Estonia relations
|
Finland | 31 May 1949 | See Australia–Finland relations
|
France | 1944 | See Australia–France relations
France and Australia have a close relationship founded on historical contacts, shared values of democracy and human rights, substantial commercial links, and a keen interest in each other's culture. |
Germany | 28 January 1952 with FRG[632] (22 December 1972 – 3 October 1990 with GDR) | See Australia–Germany relations |
Greece | 30 March 1953 | See Australia–Greece relations
|
Holy See | 24 March 1973[644] |
|
Hungary | 6 April 1972 |
|
Iceland | 17 April 1984 |
|
Ireland | 1 July 1946 | See Australia–Ireland relations
|
Italy | 1948 | See Australia–Italy relations
|
Kosovo | 21 May 2008[656] | See Australia–Kosovo relations |
Latvia | 27 August 1991 | See Australia–Latvia relations
|
Liechtenstein | 1999 |
|
Lithuania | 6 November 1991 | See Australia–Lithuania relations
|
Luxembourg | 18 September 1970[668] |
|
Malta | 21 September 1964 |
|
Moldova | 1 April 1992 |
|
Monaco | 3 May 2007 |
|
Montenegro | 1 September 2006 | See Australia–Montenegro relations
|
Netherlands | 18 March 1942 | See Australia–Netherlands relations
|
North Macedonia | 20 October 1995 | See Australia–North Macedonia relations |
Norway | 23 June 1947 | See Australia–Norway relations
|
Poland | 20 February 1972[678] | See Australia–Poland relations
|
Portugal | 15 August 1960 |
|
Romania | 18 March 1968 | See Australia–Romania relations
|
Russia | 10 October 1942,(broken from 23 April 1954 to 16 March 1959) | See Australia–Russia relations
|
San Marino | 13 September 1995[198] |
|
Serbia | 26 April 1966 | See Australia–Serbia relations
|
Slovakia | 1 January 1993 |
|
Slovenia | 5 February 1992 |
|
Spain | 26 October 1967 | See Australia–Spain relations
|
Sweden | 26 September 1947[697] | See Australia–Sweden relations
|
Switzerland | 2 June 1961 | See Australia–Switzerland relations
|
Ukraine | 10 January 1992[700] | See Australia–Ukraine relations
|
United Kingdom | See Australia–United Kingdom relations
|
Oceania
[edit]Australia is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional organisations. As part of its Pacific Step-Up initiative announced in 2016[708] Australia has uniquely established resident High Commissions and embassies in all independent and self governing members of the Pacific Islands Forum as well as consulates-general in New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Australia provides aid to many of its developing Pacific Islands neighbours, and to Papua New Guinea. For decades, it has been the largest donor of aid to the Oceania region.[709] China and New Zealand, the next biggest donors, donated only one sixth of Australia's aid during the 2010s.[710]
Since the end of the Cold War, the understanding from the United States has been that Australia and New Zealand would assume responsibility for the security of much of the Oceania region, whom they already share pre-existing cultural and economic ties to.[711]
Australia's approach to the Pacific has included frequent references to what it has perceived as an "Arc of Instability" among its island neighbours. In August 2006 Australian Defence Minister Brendan Nelson stated to the Australian Parliament:
We cannot afford to have failing states in our region. The so-called 'arc of instability', which basically goes from East Timor through to the south-west Pacific states, means that not only does Australia have a responsibility in preventing and indeed assisting with humanitarian and disaster relief, but also that we cannot allow any of these countries to become havens for transnational crime, nor indeed havens for terrorism.[712]
As from early 2008, the Australian government led by Kevin Rudd began what it called a "new approach" to relations between Australia and the Pacific, appointing a Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Duncan Kerr. In February, Kerr and fellow Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Bob McMullan visited Samoa, Tonga and Kiribati in February, and stated:
Broadly, the approach is one of much more partnership and engagement on the basis of mutual respect. We're not going to be lecturing or hectoring, we're going to try and work together with them and I think we set a pretty good standard with the way we started. The relationships we've established with ministers and leaders in those countries [Kiribati, Tonga and Samoa] is very positive.[713]
Richard Marles, the deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party, has strongly advocated for Australia to prioritize its role in the Pacific. In 2021, he wrote a book titled Tides that bind: Australia in the Pacific, and claimed in an interview that, "By any measure, we are huge part of the Pacific. We're the largest donor into the Pacific, we've got the biggest diplomatic footprint in the Pacific, we've got the most development resources in the Pacific of any country. For most of the Pacific, we're the most important bilateral relationship they have, more important than the United States, more important than China."[714]
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Cook Islands | 1994 |
|
Fiji | 10 October 1970[718] | See Australia–Fiji relations
|
Kiribati | 12 July 1979 |
|
Marshall Islands | 8 July 1987 | See Australia–Marshall Islands relations
|
Micronesia | 6 July 1987 | See Australia–Federated States of Micronesia relations
|
Nauru | 21 November 1972 | See Australia–Nauru relations
|
New Zealand | 14 December 1943 | See Australia–New Zealand relations
|
Niue | 27 February 2013 |
|
Palau | 1 October 1994 | See Australia–Palau relations
|
Papua New Guinea | 16 September 1975 | See Australia–Papua New Guinea relations
|
Samoa | 13 November 1971 |
|
Solomon Islands | 7 July 1978 | See Australia–Solomon Islands relations
|
Tonga | 29 November 1970 | See Australia–Tonga relations
|
Tuvalu | 1 October 1978 | See Australia–Tuvalu relations
|
Vanuatu | 30 July 1980 |
|
See also
[edit]- ANZUS
- AUKUS
- Australia and the United Nations
- Australia House (Ottawa)
- Australian contribution to the 2003 Gulf War
- CANZUK International and CANZUK
- Defence of Australia Policy
- Five Eyes
- Free-trade area
- List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad
- List of diplomatic missions in Australia
- List of diplomatic missions of Australia
- Market access
- Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
- Rules of Origin
- Tariffs
- UKUSA Agreement
- Visa requirements for Australian citizens
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Further reading
[edit]- Abbondanza, Gabriele. The Geopolitics of Australia in the New Millennium: the Asia-Pacific Context (Aracne, 2013)
- Beeson, Mark. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy". The Australian Journal of Politics and History (2002) 48#2 online Archived 11 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Bisley, Nick. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy: July to December 2011". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2012) 58#2 pp 268–82 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01636.x
- Chai, Tommy Sheng Hao. "How China attempts to drive a wedge in the U.S.-Australia alliance". Australian Journal of International Affairs 74.5 (2020): 511–531.
- Chieocharnpraphan, Thosaphon. Australian Foreign Policy under the Howard Government: Australia as a Middle Power? (2011)
- Curley, Melissa, and Dane Moores. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy, January to June 2011". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2011) 57#4 pp 597–613 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2011.01617.x
- Dalrymple, Rawdon. Continental Drift: Australia's Search for a Regional Identity (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2003). ISBN 0754634469.
- Fels, Enrico. Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. (Springer, 2017), pp. 365–436.
- Firth, Stewart. Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy (3rd ed., 2011) online 2005 edition Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Gyngell; Allan, and Michael Wesley. Making Australian Foreign Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2003) online Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Hundt, David. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy: July to December 2010". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2011) doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2011.01597.x
- Lockyer, Adam, Australia's Defence Strategy: Evaluating Alternatives for a Contested Asia, (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2017)
- McDonald, Scott D., and Andrew T. H. Tan, eds. The Future of the United States-Australia Alliance: Evolving Security Strategy in the Indo-Pacific (2020) excerpt
- Millar, T. B. Australia in peace and war: external relations 1788-1977 (1978) online, 612pp
- Patience, Allan. Australian Foreign Policy in Asia: Middle Power or Awkward Partner? (2019) Book excerpt Amazon [permanent dead link ]
- Suri, Navdeep. "Australia-China Relations: The Great Unravelling". ORF Issue Brief No. 366, June 2020, Observer Research Foundation. online
- Tow, William T., and Chen-shen Yen. "Australia–Taiwan relations: the evolving geopolitical setting". Australian Journal of International Affairs 61.3 (2007): 330–350.
- Ungerer, Carl. "The 'middle power' concept in Australian foreign policy". Australian Journal of Politics & History 53.4 (2007): 538–551.
- Watt, Alan. The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965. (Cambridge UP, 1967)